Observed toxicity endpoints measured in prey species relevant to aquaculture food-web interactions.
| Predator (Aquaculture species) | Prey Species | Toxicity Type | Endpoint | Concentration in Prey (ppm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Oncorhynchus kisutch | Acute | LC50 | 4.11 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Chronic | NOEC | 0.04 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Oncorhynchus clarkii | Acute | LC50 | 2.032 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Acute | LC50 | 2.037 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Micropterus salmoides | Acute | LC50 | 6.299 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | LOEL | 4.217 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Gammarus lacustris | Acute | LC50 | 0.058 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEL | 0.707 |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEC | 2.345 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Perca flavescens | Acute | LC50 | 10 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Cyprinus carpio | Acute | LC50 | 19.536 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Leucaspius delineatus | Acute | LC50 | 1.903 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Perca fluviatilis | Acute | LC50 | 0.62 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Salmo salar | Acute | LC50 | 2.134 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Pteronarcys californica | Acute | LC50 | 0.075 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | LOEL | 0.032 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | NOEC | 0.018 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | NOEL | 0.1 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Salmo trutta | Acute | LC50 | 28.416 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Salvelinus fontinalis | Acute | LC50 | 3.991 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Salvelinus namaycush | Acute | LC50 | 3.886 |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Oncorhynchus kisutch | Acute | LC50 | 4.11 |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Acute | LC50 | 2.037 |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Chronic | NOEC | 0.04 |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Perca flavescens | Acute | LC50 | 10 |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Brachionus calyciflorus | Acute | LC50 | 48.454 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Pimephales promelas | Acute | LC50 | 90.615 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Cherax destructor | Acute | LC50 | 0.055 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Lepomis macrochirus | Chronic | NOEL | 7 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Carassius auratus | Chronic | NOEC | 0.707 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Gambusia affinis | Acute | LC50 | 54 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Gambusia holbrooki | Acute | LC50 | 25.808 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Gammarus lacustris | Acute | LC50 | 0.058 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Lepomis macrochirus | Acute | LC50 | 6.19 |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Filinia longiseta | Acute | LC50 | 0.014 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Leucaspius delineatus | Acute | LC50 | 1.903 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Micropterus salmoides | Acute | LC50 | 6.299 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Acute | LC50 | 2.037 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Chronic | NOEC | 0.04 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Perca flavescens | Acute | LC50 | 10 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Perca fluviatilis | Acute | LC50 | 0.62 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Pimephales promelas | Acute | LC50 | 90.615 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Poecilia reticulata | Acute | LC50 | 27.592 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Procambarus clarkii | Acute | LC50 | 1.822 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | LOEL | 0.032 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | NOEC | 0.018 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | NOEL | 0.1 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Carassius auratus | Acute | LC50 | 65.685 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Anguilla anguilla | Acute | LC50 | 3.85 |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Oncorhynchus aguabonita | Salvelinus fontinalis | Acute | LC50 | 3.991 |
| Oncorhynchus aguabonita | Salmo trutta | Acute | LC50 | 28.416 |
| Oncorhynchus aguabonita | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Chronic | NOEC | 0.04 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Carassius gibelio | Chronic | NOEC | 1 |
| Oncorhynchus aguabonita | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Acute | LC50 | 2.037 |
| Monopterus albus | Poecilia reticulata | Acute | LC50 | 27.592 |
| Monopterus albus | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Salvelinus namaycush | Acute | LC50 | 3.886 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Salvelinus fontinalis | Acute | LC50 | 3.991 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Salmo trutta | Acute | LC50 | 28.416 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Salmo salar | Acute | LC50 | 2.134 |
| Oncorhynchus aguabonita | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Gambusia affinis | Acute | EC50 | 92 |
| Salmo salar | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Chronic | NOEC | 0.04 |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Keratella quadrata | Acute | LC50 | 0.016 |
| Salmo trutta | Anguilla anguilla | Acute | LC50 | 3.85 |
| Salmo trutta | Asellus aquaticus | Acute | LC50 | 0.13 |
| Salmo trutta | Carassius auratus | Acute | LC50 | 65.685 |
| Salmo trutta | Carassius auratus | Chronic | NOEC | 0.707 |
| Salmo trutta | Carassius gibelio | Chronic | NOEC | 1 |
| Salmo trutta | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Salmo trutta | Chironomus plumosus | Acute | EC50 | 1.095e-4 |
| Salmo trutta | Chironomus tentans | Acute | EC50 | 0.09 |
| Salmo trutta | Cyprinus carpio | Acute | LC50 | 19.536 |
| Salmo trutta | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | LOEL | 4.217 |
| Salmo trutta | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEC | 2.345 |
| Salmo trutta | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEL | 0.707 |
| Salmo trutta | Erpobdella octoculata | Acute | LC50 | 0.367 |
| Salmo trutta | Gammarus lacustris | Acute | LC50 | 0.058 |
| Salmo salar | Salvelinus namaycush | Acute | LC50 | 3.886 |
| Salmo trutta | Lepomis macrochirus | Acute | LC50 | 6.19 |
| Salmo trutta | Leucaspius delineatus | Acute | LC50 | 1.903 |
| Salmo trutta | Micropterus salmoides | Acute | LC50 | 6.299 |
| Salmo trutta | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Acute | LC50 | 2.037 |
| Salmo trutta | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Chronic | NOEC | 0.04 |
| Salmo trutta | Perca fluviatilis | Acute | LC50 | 0.62 |
| Salmo trutta | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | LOEL | 0.032 |
| Salmo trutta | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | NOEC | 0.018 |
| Salmo trutta | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | NOEL | 0.1 |
| Salmo trutta | Salmo salar | Acute | LC50 | 2.134 |
| Salmo trutta | Salmo trutta | Acute | LC50 | 28.416 |
| Salmo trutta | Salvelinus fontinalis | Acute | LC50 | 3.991 |
| Salmo trutta | Salvelinus namaycush | Acute | LC50 | 3.886 |
| Seriola lalandi | Perca fluviatilis | Acute | LC50 | 0.62 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Gambusia affinis | Acute | EC50 | 92 |
| Salmo trutta | Lepomis macrochirus | Chronic | NOEL | 7 |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Gambusia affinis | Acute | LC50 | 54 |
| Salmo salar | Salvelinus fontinalis | Acute | LC50 | 3.991 |
| Salmo salar | Salmo salar | Acute | LC50 | 2.134 |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Oreochromis niloticus | Acute | LC50 | 14.151 |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Oreochromis niloticus | Chronic | LOEL | 0.25 |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Oreochromis niloticus | Chronic | NOEC | 7.071 |
| Palaemon elegans | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Pimephales promelas | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Poecilia reticulata | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Poecilia reticulata | Spodoptera frugiperda | Chronic | LOEL | 5 |
| Procambarus clarkii | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Procambarus clarkii | Physella acuta | Acute | LC50 | 3.2 |
| Procambarus clarkii | Procambarus clarkii | Acute | LC50 | 1.822 |
| Rhamdia quelen | Poecilia reticulata | Acute | LC50 | 27.592 |
| Salmo salar | Anguilla anguilla | Acute | LC50 | 3.85 |
| Salmo salar | Asellus aquaticus | Acute | LC50 | 0.13 |
| Salmo salar | Carassius auratus | Acute | LC50 | 65.685 |
| Salmo salar | Salmo trutta | Acute | LC50 | 28.416 |
| Salmo salar | Carassius auratus | Chronic | NOEC | 0.707 |
| Salmo salar | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Salmo salar | Cyprinus carpio | Acute | LC50 | 19.536 |
| Salmo salar | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | LOEL | 4.217 |
| Salmo salar | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEC | 2.345 |
| Salmo salar | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEL | 0.707 |
| Salmo salar | Erpobdella octoculata | Acute | LC50 | 0.367 |
| Salmo salar | Gammarus lacustris | Acute | LC50 | 0.058 |
| Salmo salar | Leucaspius delineatus | Acute | LC50 | 1.903 |
| Salmo salar | Micropterus salmoides | Acute | LC50 | 6.299 |
| Salmo salar | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Acute | LC50 | 2.037 |
| Salmo salar | Perca fluviatilis | Acute | LC50 | 0.62 |
| Salmo salar | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | LOEL | 0.032 |
| Salmo salar | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | NOEC | 0.018 |
| Salmo salar | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | NOEL | 0.1 |
| Salmo salar | Carassius gibelio | Chronic | NOEC | 1 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Daphnia pulex | Acute | LC50 | 0.065 |
| Clarias gariepinus | Oreochromis niloticus | Chronic | LOEL | 0.25 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEL | 0.707 |
| Carassius auratus | Chironomus plumosus | Acute | EC50 | 1.095e-4 |
| Carassius auratus | Chironomus tentans | Acute | EC50 | 0.09 |
| Carassius auratus | Gammarus lacustris | Acute | LC50 | 0.058 |
| Carassius carassius | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Carassius carassius | Chironomus plumosus | Acute | EC50 | 1.095e-4 |
| Carassius carassius | Chironomus tentans | Acute | EC50 | 0.09 |
| Carassius carassius | Daphnia magna | Acute | EC50 | 1.630e-4 |
| Carassius carassius | Daphnia magna | Acute | LC50 | 0.004 |
| Carassius carassius | Daphnia magna | Chronic | NOEC | 1.681e-5 |
| Carassius carassius | Gammarus lacustris | Acute | LC50 | 0.058 |
| Channa striata | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Channa striata | Cyprinus carpio | Acute | LC50 | 19.536 |
| Channa striata | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | LOEL | 4.217 |
| Channa striata | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEC | 2.345 |
| Channa striata | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEL | 0.707 |
| Clarias gariepinus | Chironomus sp. | Acute | LC50 | 55.39 |
| Clarias gariepinus | Oreochromis niloticus | Acute | LC50 | 14.151 |
| Clarias gariepinus | Oreochromis niloticus | Chronic | NOEC | 7.071 |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Chironomus tentans | Acute | EC50 | 0.09 |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Vicia faba | Chronic | LOEL | 10000 |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Vicia faba | Chronic | NOEL | 1000 |
| Cyprinus carpio | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Cyprinus carpio | Chironomus plumosus | Acute | EC50 | 1.095e-4 |
| Cyprinus carpio | Chironomus tentans | Acute | EC50 | 0.09 |
| Cyprinus carpio | Cyprinus carpio | Acute | LC50 | 19.536 |
| Cyprinus carpio | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | LOEL | 4.217 |
| Cyprinus carpio | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEC | 2.345 |
| Cyprinus carpio | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEL | 0.707 |
| Carassius auratus | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Artemia salina | Isochrysis galbana | Acute | EC50 | 50 |
| Artemia franciscana | Isochrysis galbana | Acute | EC50 | 50 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Salvelinus namaycush | Acute | LC50 | 3.886 |
| Acipenser baerii | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Acipenser ruthenus | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Anguilla anguilla | Acute | LC50 | 3.85 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Asellus aquaticus | Acute | LC50 | 0.13 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Carassius auratus | Acute | LC50 | 65.685 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Carassius auratus | Chronic | NOEC | 0.707 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Carassius gibelio | Chronic | NOEC | 1 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Chironomus plumosus | Acute | EC50 | 1.095e-4 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Chironomus tentans | Acute | EC50 | 0.09 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Cyprinus carpio | Acute | LC50 | 19.536 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | LOEL | 4.217 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEC | 2.345 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEL | 0.707 |
| Cyprinus carpio | Gammarus lacustris | Acute | LC50 | 0.058 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Erpobdella octoculata | Acute | LC50 | 0.367 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Daphnia pulex | Acute | EC50 | 1.800e-4 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Micropterus salmoides | Acute | LC50 | 6.299 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Nematoda | Chronic | LOEL | 100 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Nematoda | Chronic | NOEL | 100 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Acute | LC50 | 2.037 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Chronic | NOEC | 0.04 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Perca fluviatilis | Acute | LC50 | 0.62 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Procambarus clarkii | Acute | LC50 | 1.822 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | LOEL | 0.032 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | NOEC | 0.018 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Rutilus rutilus | Chronic | NOEL | 0.1 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Salmo salar | Acute | LC50 | 2.134 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Salmo trutta | Acute | LC50 | 28.416 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Salvelinus fontinalis | Acute | LC50 | 3.991 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Gammarus lacustris | Acute | LC50 | 0.058 |
| Cyprinus carpio | Leucaspius delineatus | Acute | LC50 | 1.903 |
| Anguilla anguilla | Leucaspius delineatus | Acute | LC50 | 1.903 |
| Cyprinus carpio | Procambarus clarkii | Acute | LC50 | 1.822 |
| Lates calcarifer | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | LOEL | 4.217 |
| Lates calcarifer | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEC | 2.345 |
| Lates calcarifer | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEL | 0.707 |
| Lates calcarifer | Macrobrachium rosenbergii | Acute | LC50 | 0.457 |
| Lates calcarifer | Macrobrachium rosenbergii | Chronic | LOEL | 0.221 |
| Lates calcarifer | Macrobrachium rosenbergii | Chronic | NOEC | 0.4 |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Carassius auratus | Acute | LC50 | 65.685 |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Carassius auratus | Chronic | NOEC | 0.707 |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Cyprinus carpio | Acute | LC50 | 19.536 |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | LOEL | 4.217 |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEC | 2.345 |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEL | 0.707 |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Daphnia pulex | Acute | EC50 | 1.800e-4 |
| Lates calcarifer | Cyprinus carpio | Acute | LC50 | 19.536 |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Daphnia pulex | Acute | LC50 | 0.065 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Anguilla anguilla | Acute | LC50 | 3.85 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Carassius auratus | Acute | LC50 | 65.685 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Carassius auratus | Chronic | NOEC | 0.707 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Carassius gibelio | Chronic | NOEC | 1 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Chironomus plumosus | Acute | EC50 | 1.095e-4 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Chironomus tentans | Acute | EC50 | 0.09 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Chlorella vulgaris | Chronic | LOEL | 100 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Chlorella vulgaris | Chronic | NOEC | 300 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Chlorella vulgaris | Chronic | NOEL | 70.711 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Cyprinus carpio | Acute | LC50 | 19.536 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | LOEL | 4.217 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEC | 2.345 |
| Cyprinus carpio | Physella acuta | Acute | LC50 | 3.2 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Ameiurus melas | Acute | LC50 | 0.806 |
| Lateolabrax japonicus | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Lates calcarifer | Macrobrachium rosenbergii | Chronic | NOEL | 0.245 |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Chronic | NOEC | 0.04 |
| Danio rerio | Daphnia magna | Acute | EC50 | 1.630e-4 |
| Danio rerio | Daphnia magna | Acute | LC50 | 0.004 |
| Danio rerio | Daphnia magna | Chronic | NOEC | 1.681e-5 |
| Daphnia magna | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Chronic | LOEL | 100 |
| Daphnia magna | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Chronic | NOEL | 70.711 |
| Daphnia magna | Chlorella vulgaris | Chronic | LOEL | 100 |
| Daphnia magna | Chlorella vulgaris | Chronic | NOEC | 300 |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Pimephales promelas | Acute | LC50 | 90.615 |
| Daphnia magna | Raphidocelis subcapitata | Acute | EC50 | 52.393 |
| Daphnia magna | Scenedesmus quadricauda | Acute | EC50 | 142.6 |
| Daphnia magna | Scenedesmus quadricauda | Chronic | LOEL | 50 |
| Daphnia magna | Scenedesmus quadricauda | Chronic | NOEL | 70.711 |
| Dicentrarchus | Nematoda | Chronic | LOEL | 100 |
| Dicentrarchus | Nematoda | Chronic | NOEL | 100 |
| Gadus morhua | Anguilla anguilla | Acute | LC50 | 3.85 |
| Daphnia magna | Chlorella vulgaris | Chronic | NOEL | 70.711 |
| Gadus morhua | Daphnia pulex | Acute | LC50 | 0.065 |
| Gadus morhua | Daphnia pulex | Acute | EC50 | 1.800e-4 |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Oncorhynchus kisutch | Acute | LC50 | 4.11 |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Lepomis macrochirus | Chronic | NOEL | 7 |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Lepomis macrochirus | Acute | LC50 | 6.19 |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEC | 2.345 |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | LOEL | 4.217 |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Cyprinus carpio | Chronic | NOEL | 0.707 |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Gambusia holbrooki | Chironomidae | Acute | LC50 | 364 |
| Gadus morhua | Salmo salar | Acute | LC50 | 2.134 |
| Gadus morhua | Nematoda | Chronic | NOEL | 100 |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Acute | LC50 | 2.037 |
| Gadus morhua | Nematoda | Chronic | LOEL | 100 |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Cyprinus carpio | Acute | LC50 | 19.536 |
Observed bioconcentration factors (BCF) measured in prey species relevant for aquaculture food-web interactions.
Select an aquaculture-relevant species to explore trophic interactions associated with this chemical. The network contains two types of edges: (i) edges connecting the chemical to prey species, which are annotated with toxicity endpoints or bioconcentration factor (BCF) values depending on the selected filter, and (ii) trophic edges connecting prey to predator species, where the predator represents the aquaculture species. When neither toxicity nor BCF is selected, only the food-web (prey–predator) network is displayed. Hover over nodes and edges to view additional details.
ReCAnt is a database of chemicals used in aquaculture and their ecotoxic effects, compiled from published literature. The authors are not liable for any inaccuracies or omissions of any chemicals in this resource. Importantly, our sole goal to build this resource on chemicals used in aquaculture is to enable future basic research on this topic, and it does not necessarily reflect the views or objectives of our employers or funders.