PubChemID	CASRN	Chemical Name	Study Location	Study Country	Chemical Source	Regulatory Information	Regulatory Status	Regulating Country	Other Categorization	Additional Information	Usage Status	Reference
CID:10091801	CAS:351518-03-7	Neovestitol	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian red propolis, which was sourced commercially from Cooperativa de Apicultores de Canavieiras (COAPER) in Canavieiras, Bahia, Brazil.	Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium covae cause severe bacterial diseases (ESC and columnaris, respectively) in channel catfish aquaculture. Due to the potential for antibiotic resistance and environmental concerns associated with current therapeutants (like KMnO4 and CuSO4), there is an urgent need to find environmentally benign, natural alternative antibacterial compounds. Neovestitol is an isoflavonoid constituent of propolis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri. Neovestitol demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against F. covae with. Compared to the drug control florfenicol, its MIC-RDCF was 7.6. It exhibited limited activity against E. ictaluri.	Tested	39387133
CID:10101397		Thonningianin B	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides (such as imidacloprid, levamisole, and praziquantel), which suffer from increased parasite resistance due to prolonged and excessive use.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.839. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 6.311 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 21.543 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:10114	CAS:471-53-4	Enoxolone	Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu; and Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu	China	Purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA; Catalog No. L8300, as part of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Library) and dissolved in DMSO.	A pentacyclic triterpenoid (also known as 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid), which is an active component of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). Identified via structure-based high-throughput virtual screening as a potential alternative to antibiotics for treating Flavobacterium columnare infections in aquaculture, addressing issues of antibiotic misuse and resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated computationally and experimentally. Molecular docking showed it binds strongly (affinity -11 kcal/mol) to the TonB-dependent siderophore receptor. In vitro, it exhibited a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 8 µg/mL against F. columnare. Transcriptomic and cell viability analyses indicated its mechanism involves competitive binding to the receptor, leading to insufficient iron ion uptake and bacterial death. In vivo toxicity tests on largemouth bass showed it is well-tolerated at effective concentrations, with no mortality at 4 µg/mL and only 10% mortality at 8 µg/mL over 96 hours.	Tested	38835482
CID:10114809	CAS:54141-72-9	Neoisoastilbin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.043. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 15.879 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 26.451 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:101405	CAS:3117-03-1	2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional, often toxic, chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. Its anthelmintic activity was weaker than the lead compound, thymoquinone.	Tested	39837239
CID:10163	CAS:478-08-0	Lucidin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.415. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 4.151 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 8.245 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:10205	CAS:481-42-5	Plumbagin	Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Mazatlán, Sinaloa; and Instituto de Ciencias Del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, Sinaloa	Mexico	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA; P7262-100 MG; ≥98% purity).	A phytochemical compound (quinonoid) evaluated as a potential antimonogenean agent through a computer-guided drug repositioning approach. Pharmacological evaluations have deemed it a safe agent for mice and fish with minimal adverse effects reported.	No known regulations			In vitro bioassays against adult Rhabdosynochus viridisi (a monogenean parasite) showed 100% mortality at 2 mg/L after 3 hours and 10 mg/L after 30 minutes. The 3-hour LC50 was 1.12 mg/L. However, at 10 mg/L it only caused a 25% inhibition of egg hatching, demonstrating it is highly effective against adults but less effective against eggs.	Tested	38593863
CID:102075992	CAS:89200-01-1	Kuwanon-O	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Purified from white mulberry (Morus alba) using a bioassay-guided isolation method.	Herbal medicines and phytochemicals are generally preferred due to their less harmful nature to nontarget organisms and their innate biodegradability.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against adult Neobenedenia girellae, a monogenean ectoparasite of marine fish. It showed 100 percent mortality after 8 hours at concentrations greater than or equal to 125 mg/L. The 8-hour LC50 was 63.7 mg/L. As a flavonoid, it is considered to play a vital role in the anthelmintic efficacy observed.	Tested	33905159
CID:10215	CAS:482-89-3	Indigo	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Phytochemical compound assessed as part of a screen to identify safe and effective alternative agents for controlling Chilodonella uncinata infections in aquaculture.	"Chilodonella uncinata is a parasitic ciliate that causes chilodonellosis, leading to significant economic losses in freshwater aquaculture. Due to concerns over drug residues, food safety, and environmental impact when using traditional chemical drugs, botanical herbs and their phytochemicals are being investigated as ""green medicine"" alternatives."	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo using an Artemia salina infection model to determine its anti-parasitic efficacy against Chilodonella uncinata. At a concentration of 10 mg/L over a 24-hour period, indigo exhibited a maximum anti-parasite efficacy of 47%. It was not the most effective compound tested and was not selected for further evaluation.	Tested	39395598
CID:10228	CAS:484-12-8	Osthole	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Phytochemical compound assessed as part of a screen to identify safe and effective alternative agents for controlling Chilodonella uncinata infections.	"Investigated as a safe and environmentally friendly ""green medicine"" alternative to traditional chemical drugs and antibiotics for the treatment of chilodonellosis in aquaculture."	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo using an Artemia salina infection model to determine its anti-parasitic efficacy against Chilodonella uncinata. At a concentration of 10 mg/L over a 24-hour period, osthole exhibited a maximum anti-parasite efficacy of 17%. It was not effective enough to warrant further evaluation in this study.	Tested	39395598
CID:10281	CAS:490-91-5	Thymoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	A natural product isolated from Nigella sativa L. Investigated as a lead compound for discovering novel, safe, and potent anthelmintic agents to replace unsatisfactory traditional chemical treatments for gyrodactylosis.	No known regulations			Used as the lead compound and reference. Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish, where it demonstrated baseline anthelmintic activity against the parasite.	Tested	39837239
CID:10290825	CAS:19902-08-0	(+)-βPinene	Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo	Japan	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	The text mentions general restrictions on chemical bath treatments, motivating the use of natural herbs for safety and environmental reasons, but cites no specific regulations for this compound.	No known regulations			It is a pure component of rosemary extract evaluated in vitro against the monogenean parasite Dactylogyrus minutus. It demonstrated weaker anthelmintic activity compared to (-)-β-Pinene and 1,8-Cineole.	Tested	29080753
CID:10337211	CAS:19879-30-2	Bavachinin A	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Chengdu Mansite Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China) (CAS No. 19879-30-2) and dissolved in DMSO.	It is a dihydroflavone identified as a constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine Psoralea corylifolia. It was investigated as a potential natural alternative to conventional chemical treatments (like copper sulfate and formalin), which pose risks of toxicity, residue, and environmental pollution.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the ciliated protozoan parasite Tetrahymena piriformis. Despite being isolated from the active ethyl acetate extract of P. corylifolia, Bavachinin A demonstrated weak antiparasitic activity. It failed to kill all T. piriformis parasites within 2 hours even at a concentration of 25 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
CID:10364	CAS:499-75-2	Carvacrol	Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS; and Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS	Brazil	Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned for this phytochemical, though the study notes only three other specific antimicrobials are FDA-approved for aquaculture.	No known regulations			It is a phenolic monoterpene that was evaluated against bacterial strains isolated from silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). It emerged as one of the most effective phytochemicals tested, demonstrating the ability to inhibit biofilm formation and decrease the haemolytic activity of A. hydrophila. When combined with florfenicol or oxytetracycline, it showed additive antibacterial effects.	Tested	29741243
CID:10364	CAS:499-75-2	Carvacrol	Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi; and Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi	China	Purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China) with greater than 99 percent HPLC purity (CAS no. 499-75-2).	It is a natural compound and the principal component of oregano essential oil extracted from the plant Origanum vulgare. Despite widespread use in the food industry, it is currently being investigated in aquaculture as a natural quorum sensing (QS) inhibitor to mitigate the toxicity of pathogenic bacteria without relying on traditional antibiotics that cause drug resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated against Aeromonas hydrophila NJ-35 and the biosensor strain Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 125 ug/mL against A. hydrophila and 62.5 ug/mL against C. violaceum. At a sub-inhibitory concentration of 1/4 MIC (15.625 ug/mL), it demonstrated potent anti-QS activity without affecting bacterial growth. It significantly reduced violacein production in C. violaceum by 62.46 percent. In A. hydrophila, it decreased the production of N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signaling molecules by 36.01 percent. RT-qPCR analysis showed it significantly down-regulated the expression of key QS-associated genes, ahyI and ahyR. Molecular docking simulations revealed that carvacrol competitively binds to the AhyR receptor at the His126 residue via hydrogen bonding (with a binding free energy of -4.94 kcal/mol), inhibiting the formation of AhyR-AHL complexes and successfully attenuating the pathogenicity of the bacteria.	Tested	37630587
CID:10364	CAS:499-75-2	Carvacrol	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Phytochemicals are tested as functional alternatives to reduce antibiotic prescriptions in aquaculture due to rising antimicrobial resistance.	No known regulations			It is an essential oil compound (EOC) that demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 344 to 688. Testing it in combination with thymol resulted in an additive effect rather than a synergistic one.	Tested	32119179
CID:10494	CAS:508-02-1	Oleanolic acid	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi; and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning	China	Acquired from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (CAS: 508-02-1)	It is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid compound with known pharmacological effects (antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral) being investigated as a potential therapeutic agent for Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV), which causes Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN), a disease that currently lacks effective treatments for highly susceptible juvenile fish and causes massive economic losses in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against RGNNV (a genotype of NNV) in GF-1 (Epinephelus coioides fin) cells and in vivo in Epinephelus coioides (grouper). In vitro, OA exhibited a CC20 of 29.19 µM and an IC50 of 2.06 µM against viral capsid protein expression. At 10.95 µM, OA inhibited NNV CP gene expression by 99.97% and significantly reduced viral titers. OA also protected cell morphology, inhibited NNV-induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway (reducing caspase-3, -8, and -9 activity), and acted directly on viral particles to disrupt replication. In vivo, treating RGNNV-infected groupers with 50 mg/kg OA increased the 7-day survival rate from 6.67% in the infected control group to 30%. RT-qPCR showed that OA treatment significantly upregulated the expression of innate immune genes (tlr4b, myd88, il-1β, ifn-γ, mx, and tnf-α) in the brain, spleen, and kidney, enhancing the host's antiviral capacity.	Tested	39168292
CID:10569	CAS:514-10-3	Abietic acid	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian brown propolis, which was collected in Angatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.	Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium covae cause severe bacterial diseases in channel catfish aquaculture. The potential for antibiotic resistance and environmental concerns drive the search for natural, environmentally friendly alternatives. Abietic acid is a diterpene constituent of brown propolis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri. Abietic acid demonstrated antibacterial activity against F. covae. Compared to the drug control florfenicol, its 24-h  RDCF was 9.4. It did not exhibit significant activity against E. ictaluri. 	Tested	39387133
CID:10658	CAS:523-50-2	Isopsoralen	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Isolated from the methanol extract of Psoralea corylifolia dried fruits, which were purchased from Xi'an Wanshou Chinese Medicinal Herbs Market.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It exhibited antiprotozoal activity against I. multifiliis, but its efficacy was much lower than that of psoralidin. It killed all theronts at 1.6 mg/L, but did not influence the reproduction of tomonts at concentrations from 0.9 to 1.8 mg/L.	Tested	26042195
CID:107793	CAS:20874-52-6	Saikosaponin d (from radix bupleuri)	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Aladdin Industrial (AR grade)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It demonstrated the highest anthelmintic efficacy for eliminating Dactylogyrus infection  but was also the most toxic compound tested against goldfish.	Tested	25266906
CID:11122	CAS:553-97-9	2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, but showed higher toxicity to the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:1123	CAS:107-35-7	Taurine	Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Xianyou County, Putian; Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan; and Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.	It is a known antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Because there are no approved antiviral drugs in the aquaculture industry, it is being investigated as a broad-spectrum antiviral (BSA) that aims to dampen and redirect inflammatory responses against viral infections.	No known regulations			Evaluated against Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) in a novel Micropterus salmoides brain cell line (MSBr). It inhibited the replication of MSRV-G by up to 72.88 percent at 50 ug/mL, yielding a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 8.02 ug/mL. It restored normal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a, and IFN-y) that were elevated by MSRV. Furthermore, it rescued the cells from MSRV-induced oxidative stress by significantly reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and oxidative damage biomarkers (protein carbonyls and 8-OHdG). Mechanistically, it exerted its antiviral effects by suppressing NF-kB signaling, specifically by hampering the activation of NF-kB1/2 promoters and reducing the translocation of NF-kB (p65) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.	Tested	37255471
CID:11230	CAS:562-74-3	(−)-Terpinen-4-ol	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as a natural antimicrobial alternative.	No known regulations			It showed moderate antibacterial activity against the tested strains, with MIC values ranging from 500 to 1000.	Tested	32119179
CID:11294	CAS:569-64-2	Malachite green	Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA	Sweden	Used as a positive control in the study. Dissolved in water for the assays.	It was used effectively for the treatment of saprolegniasis until it was banned in 2002 by the United States and several other countries due to its carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in humans and animals.	Banned	Multiple countries		Evaluated against Saprolegnia parasitica, it arrested the growth of mycelium in liquid Machlis medium with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 ug/ml, and an MIC of 0.8 ug/ml on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. Under optical microscopy, no pronounced hyper-branching of the hyphae was visible compared to other strong inhibitors.	Tested	33178154
CID:11294	CAS:569-64-2	Malachite green	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin, Fallaviers, France)	"According to the toxicity categories established in the EU legislation, it is classified as ""very toxic to aquatic organisms""."	No known regulations		Very toxic to aquatic organisms	It is a therapeutant (EC50,30min = 0.031 mg l-1) showing higher toxicity in distilled water than in seawater.	Actively Used	17292447
CID:11294	CAS:569-64-2	Malachite green	Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan; and Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore	India	Purchased from Scientific Chemical, Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India.	It is a synthetic triphenylmethane dye widely used in textile industries and as an antimicrobial agent in aquaculture. Due to its potential to cause genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive abnormalities, its use has been prohibited in the USA, Canada, Japan, and the European Union. However, because of its affordability and biocidal activity, it is still used in many developing countries.	Banned	Multiple countries		Evaluated for acute and sublethal toxicity on edible freshwater carp (Cyprinus carpio). The 96-hour median lethal concentration (LC50) was 0.045 mg/L. Exposure induced severe oxidative stress, causing significant alterations in enzymatic antioxidants (decreased catalase and glutathione reductase, increased lipid peroxidation) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (decreased vitamin C). It significantly impacted hematological parameters, decreasing hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cells while increasing white blood cells, leading to anemia and immune weakness. Biochemical analysis showed increased blood glucose, cholesterol, free amino acids, and tissue lipids, indicating metabolic disruption and high energy expenditure for detoxification. Molecular docking confirmed that malachite green directly binds to the active site of fish hemoglobin via hydrogen bonding with Threonine 97.	Actively Used	36401692
CID:11294	CAS:569-64-2	Malachite green	Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb; and Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Split	Croatia	Used as a positive control, with a stock solution prepared in distilled water.	It was previously treated successfully for diseases caused by oomycetes in freshwater aquaculture, but its use is no longer allowed in the EU and the USA due to its teratogenic and carcinogenic properties.	Banned	EU|USA		Used as a positive control in the assays. The mycelium of Aphanomyces astaci was six times more sensitive to it (EC50 of 0.020 ug/mL) than Saprolegnia parasitica (EC50 of 0.120 ug/mL). For zoospore germination, it showed EC50 values of 0.032 ug/mL for A. astaci and 0.020 ug/mL for S. parasitica.	Tested	34451721
CID:11294	CAS:569-64-2	Malachite green	Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang; Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang; and Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang	Malaysia	Aizen Chemical Co. Ltd., Japan (zinc-free MG)	The use of MG as a veterinary drug in fish intended for human consumption is not approved by the EU and US Food and Drug Administration due to its potential carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and genotoxic properties.	Banned	EU|USA		It is a cationic triphenylmethane dye used as an effective antiparasitic and antifungal chemical. The study evaluated oxidative stress and residue accumulation in red tilapia exposed to subacute (0.105 for 20) and sublethal (0.053 for 60) concentrations. Subacute exposure resulted in higher catalase (CAT) levels at specific intervals, while sublethal exposure resulted in higher reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. The fish muscle accumulated the sum of MG and LMG of 108.04 for subacute and 82.68 for sublethal. The study concluded that red tilapia was able to adapt to the stress caused by exposure to sublethal concentrations of the chemical.	Tested	31749575
CID:11294	CAS:569-64-2	Malachite green	Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong	USA	Sigma-Aldrich	It is banned for use in food fish due to its carcinogenic and genotoxic effects, and is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use on food fish.	Banned	USA		It is commonly considered the most effective parasiticide against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) and was used as a positive control in the study. It was found to be more toxic to theronts than to T. thermophila.	Tested	25857201
CID:11294	CAS:569-64-2	Malachite green	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Use in the production of food fish is not authorized in the EU due to public health issues related to potential carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and mutagenicity. EFSA established that food contaminated at or below 2 µg/kg is unlikely to represent a public health concern.	Banned	EU		Used as a reference compound (positive control). It confirmed effectiveness with an MIC and MLC of 5 ppm.	Tested	30536642
CID:11294	CAS:569-64-2	Malachite green	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Obtained from Synth, Brazil.	It is a banned substance in several countries and is considered a carcinogenic substance by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).	Banned	Multiple countries		Evaluated against Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), it was the only disinfectant tested that did not present acceptable values, discouraging its use. It exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.0146 g/L and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.1172 g/L, showing only bacteriostatic activity.	Tested	32966864
CID:11294	CAS:569-64-2	Malachite green	Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco; and Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco	Italy	Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy)	It is currently banned in the EU due to high cytotoxicity and carcinogenic activity, though it is still utilized illegally due to its low cost, availability, and high efficacy against microbial and parasitic diseases.	Banned	EU		It is a N-methylated diaminotriphenylmethane dye widely used in aquaculture. The study evaluated its in vitro effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Malachite green proved to deplete reduced glutathione (GSH) and strongly inhibit certain liver DMEs, maximally depressing 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities.	Actively Used	28802653
CID:11294	CAS:569-64-2	Malachite green	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Not mentioned.	The use of malachite green has been banned since its genotoxic carcinogenesis was reported.	Banned	China		It was formerly considered the most effective parasiticide against both free-living and parasitic stages of I. multifiliis and was used as a positive control in the study. It prevented all tomonts from producing theronts post 3 h exposure at 0.5 mg/L.	Tested	26042195
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; and Austral-OMICS, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia	Chile  	Sigma-Aldrich, USA	In 2014, it represented 71% of the 563 tons of antimicrobial compounds used in Chilean salmon farming.	No known regulations			It is the most commonly used antibiotic to treat piscirickettsiosis, a systemic disease in farmed salmonids caused by the intracellular bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. The study revealed that exposure to tolerated maximum concentrations of florfenicol modulates the expression of resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family genes. Specifically, the acrAB efflux pump genes were overexpressed in the less susceptible AUSTRAL-005 strain following exposure to the drug, indicating that this efflux pump is essential for the bacterium's survival at critical florfenicol concentrations and contributes to the generation of antibiotic-resistant strains.	Actively Used	27190287
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Purchased from Tianchen Biotech. Co. Ltd. (Wuhan, China) at 98% purity.	It is a veterinary antibiotic that is extensively used and currently approved for use in aquaculture.	Approved	China		Evaluated against whiteleg shrimp-pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila (isolate WS05), demonstrating strong antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.50. It was tested in combination with various herb extracts to identify potential synergistic effects.	Actively Used	31614964
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sao Carlos - UFSCar/Sao Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, Araraquara; and Embrapa Environment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Jaguariuna	Brazil	Certified standards of florfenicol were acquired from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA.	It is one of the two antimicrobial drugs permitted for aquaculture in Brazil, has been used there since 2007, and is one of the most widely used in aquaculture throughout the world.	Approved	Brazil		It is a broad-spectrum veterinary drug that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S fraction of the bacterial ribosome. The study evaluated health and environmental risks for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to an actual concentration of 11.72 mg/L for 48 hours. The exposure did not alter hematological variables but caused oxidative cell damage in the liver, as indicated by significantly increased lipid peroxidation levels and reduced activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione S-transferase. This suggests the antibiotic can cause toxicity to aquatic organisms and ecosystems even at sublethal concentrations near 1/100 of the LC50-48h.	Actively Used	33364491
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri.	Used as the positive drug control in the rapid 96-well microplate bioassay to compare the efficacy of the isolated propolis compounds.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro as a reference control. Against F. covae, it exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.36 mg/L.	Tested	39387133
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Tested using standard antibiotic sensitivity discs (Hangzhou Microbiological Reagent Co., Ltd.).	Used to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Nocardia seriolae to find effective treatments for fish nocardiosis, as improper and prolonged use of antibiotics may lead to varying degrees of drug resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. The strain was highly sensitive (S) to florfenicol (30 µg/tablet), producing an inhibitory zone of 31.67±2.36 mm.	Actively Used	38659458
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai; Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai; and Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai	China	Purchased from Aladdin, China.	It is a common antibiotic therapeutic used in aquaculture for the treatment of microbial infections, though its efficacy is declining due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria.	No known regulations			Utilized as a positive control in antibacterial bioassays. It showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.1 uM against Streptococcus iniae, Streptococcus parauberis, and Edwardsiella ictalurid.	Tested	36857464
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Used as a standard antibiotic (positive control).	It is a standard antibiotic commonly administered to farmed fishes.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against nine bacterial fish pathogens (e.g., Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria, Vibrio anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae). It exhibited IC50 values ranging from 0.24 to 0.67 across the different isolates.	Actively Used	31905915
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Laboratorio de Diagnostico y Biotecnologia, ADL Diagnostic Chile, Puerto Montt; Laboratorio de Patologia de Organismos Acuaticos y Biotecnologia Acuicola, Universidad Andres Bello, Vina del Mar; Centro FONDAP, INCAR, Vina del Mar; and Centro de Investigacion Marina Quintay, Valparaiso	Chile	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co (USA).	It is a widely used antibiotic currently applied in the Chilean salmon industry to treat bacterial kidney disease (BKD).	Approved	Chile		Evaluated against 65 field isolates of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the pathogen causing BKD. In contrast to what was expected, the isolates remained highly susceptible to florfenicol. MIC values ranged from 0.5 to 2 ug/ml in one laboratory and 2 to 8 ug/ml in another. The calculated epidemiological cut-off value using the blended dataset was <= 32 ug/ml by ECOFFinder.	Actively Used	33075142
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic belonging to the amphenicol class, widely used in farm animals for the treatment of various infections. However, its inappropriate use in aquaculture has led to serious antibacterial resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated against Aeromonas hydrophila. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of florfenicol alone was 2.5 ug/mL. In vitro, its bactericidal efficacy was significantly enhanced by quercetin in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In vivo, treating A. hydrophila-infected common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with 2.5 or 10 mg/kg of florfenicol alone yielded poor survival (30 percent). However, when combined with 10 mg/kg quercetin, the bacterial load in the liver, spleen, and kidneys was drastically reduced (up to 610.6-fold), and the survival rate of the fish improved to 90 percent.	Actively Used	35884183
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Obtained from Sigma Aldrich with greater than or equal to 99.0% purity.	It is highly used and registered in several countries for a wide range of fish species, though it is not yet registered for use in South American fish.	Registered	Multiple countries		In disk-diffusion tests, A. hydrophila was susceptible to it. In broth microdilution tests, it showed an MIC of 0.25 ug/mL and an MBC greater than 2 ug/mL, displaying a bacteriostatic effect.	Actively Used	32966864
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná; SAN Group Biotech Brazil Ltda., Campinas, São Paulo; Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Paranaense University, Umuarama, Paraná; Department of Animal Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná	Brazil	Provided by SAN Group Biotech Brasil Ltda., Campinas, Brazil, as the commercial formulation AMPHENOR® 50 (purity 98.8%, active fraction 100%).	One of the only two antimicrobials (along with tetracycline) approved for use in aquaculture in Brazil. It is used to control severe bacterial outbreaks (e.g., Streptococcus spp., Francisella orientalis). Its usage is strictly monitored to ensure rapid withdrawal to comply with international food safety standards (maximum residue limit of 800 µg/kg in muscle) and to prevent the rise of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.	Approved	Brazil		Evaluated in vivo via medicated feed against Streptococcus agalactiae (serotypes Ib and III) and Francisella orientalis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 4, 5, and 128 µg/mL for the respective pathogens. Treated fish showed significantly lower mortality compared to the positive controls across prophylactic, metaphylactic, and therapeutic treatment strategies. Residual testing demonstrated a safe depletion curve; muscular residues fell below the maximum limit (800 µg/kg) after just one day post-treatment. While safe, the drug induced mild to moderate, dose/temperature-dependent lesions in the liver (reduced glycogen, necrosis) and spleen (congestion), which diminished post-treatment.	Actively Used	40142452
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Summit, New Jersey	USA	Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Roseland, New Jersey, USA	The text explicitly states that florfenicol is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in U.S. aquaculture.	Approved	USA		It is an antibiotic and a fluorinated derivative of thiamphenicol that blocks the peptidyltransferase at the ribosome subunit, acting against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The study found it effective for treating Francisella asiatica infections in tilapia, demonstrating the capacity for intracellular penetration and bacterial clearance when administered early in the infection cycle.	Actively Used	20713674
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu	Republic of Korea	Obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, US.	It is an approved antimicrobial drug currently used for the treatment of S. parauberis infections in flounder, and was utilized as a comparator drug in this study.	Approved	USA		It is a semisynthetic antibacterial agent (a chloramphenicol analogue) that binds to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. Evaluated against Streptococcus parauberis isolated from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), it exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 0.5-8, an IC50 range of 0.7-2.7, and a minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) range of 4-64. Its maximum bacterial growth inhibition occurred at 24 hours.	Actively Used	32318593
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu; and Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Used as a standard aquatic antibiotic control to evaluate and filter the drug-like properties and antibacterial efficacy of the newly screened traditional Chinese medicine compounds.	No known regulations			Used as a control drug in the assays. In vitro testing showed a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 2 µg/mL against F. columnare.	Actively Used	38835482
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Center for Natural Products Research, University, Mississippi	USA	The text states it was dissolved in technical-grade 100% ethanol for the bioassay, but the specific supplier is not mentioned.	It is mentioned as a commercial antibiotic used in medicated feed by catfish farmers to manage bacterial diseases.	No known regulations			It was used as a positive control in the antibacterial bioassays against Flavobacterium columnare, Edwardsiella ictaluri, and Streptococcus iniae. For F. columnare.	Actively Used	29635710
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS	Brazil	Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO (for in vitro assays); Maxflor 40% injectable solution, Virbac, São Paulo, Brazil (for in vivo assays)	It is one of the limited antimicrobials approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in aquaculture.	Approved	USA		It was used as a positive control. In in vitro assays against Aeromonas hydrophila, it exhibited an MIC and MBC. In in vivo survival experiments using silver catfish infected with A. hydrophila, a treatment with florfenicol resulted in a relative survival rate of 60%, which was lower than the survival rate achieved by the highest dose of the H. ringens hexane extract.	Actively Used	30735293
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS; and Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS	Brazil	Analytical standard purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)	It is an antimicrobial approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in aquaculture.	Approved	USA		It is a conventional antimicrobial tested alone and in combination with phytochemicals against fish pathogenic bacteria. It displayed additive effects with most tested phytochemicals and demonstrated a synergistic effect when combined with linalool against A. hydrophila.	Actively Used	29741243
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada.	Canada	Aquaflor Merck Animal Health, Kirkland, QC, Canada.	No specific governmental regulations or policies regarding the use of this chemical are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Actively used. It is noted as one of the most commonly used antibiotics globally in commercial salmon aquaculture to treat bacterial infections.	Actively Used	35189324
CID:114811	CAS:73231-34-2	Florfenicol	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Misuse and overuse of florfenicol in aquaculture have led to increasing signs of florfenicol-resistant bacteria.	No known regulations			It is a synthetic drug with a chemical structure and spectrum of antibacterial activity similar to chloramphenicol. The study found that co-administration with myo-inositol increased the susceptibility of A. hydrophila to florfenicol, significantly reducing the bacterial load in the liver, kidney, and spleen tissues of infected common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and increasing the survival rate of the fish.	Actively Used	30184134
CID:11617	CAS:592-88-1	Diallyl Sulfide	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Synthetic compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	Current treatments for sparicotylosis like formalin are hazardous and bound to be banned in Europe, while synthetic anthelminthics like praziquantel induce resistance. New synthetic and natural alternatives are being investigated.	No known regulations			Against the monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii, it only showed 100 percent mortality at 24 hours at the highest concentration tested (1 mM). It exerted strong bactericidal activity against Vibrio anguillarum at 10 uM.	Tested	34451443
CID:11650986	CAS:155569-91-8	Emamectin benzoate	Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata; and Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai	India	Purchased as a powder from Sigma-Aldrich (Bengaluru, India, product code 31733-250MG).	It is an anti-parasitic drug of the avermectin family, marketed as SLICE, designed to combat marine and freshwater ectoparasitic crustacean infections. The recommended treatment protocol is 50 ug/kg of fish for 7 days. However, due to emerging drug resistance in parasites, farmers often abuse the drug by applying double or triple doses for extended periods, prompting investigations into its negative effects on fish health.	Regulated	Canada		Evaluated for the detrimental pathophysiological effects of drug abuse on healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were administered either the standard dose (50 ug/kg, 1x) or an overdose (150 ug/kg, 3x) for an extended 14-day period. The extended dosing caused a significant reduction in feed intake, survival, total erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, while significantly increasing total leukocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. The drug induced severe physiological stress, elevating blood glucose, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), and kidney markers (creatinine), while drastically lowering calcium, chloride, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels. It also caused severe erythrocyte morphological deformities, including teardrop-like cells, crenation, vacuolation, and notched nuclei. While fish in the 1x group mostly recovered 4 weeks after the medication stopped, the 3x overdose group suffered persistent hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, and nucleotoxic effects that failed to normalize, demonstrating the long-lasting destructive impact of emamectin benzoate abuse.	Actively Used	37431061
CID:11650986	CAS:155569-91-8	Emamectin benzoate	Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Chakgaria, Kolkata; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Chakgaria, Kolkata; Fish Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Willington Island, Cochin; and Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Raja Annamalai Puram, Chennai	India	Procured from Sigma-Aldrich, India (Cat no. 31733-250MG; Purity: 99.3 percent).	It is a semi-synthetic biopesticide derivative of abamectin, predominantly used as a feed premix against ectoparasites like sea lice on temperate fish. Maximum residue levels (MRLs) for human consumption are set at 100 ug/kg in muscle and fillet by the European Medicines Evaluation Committee (EMEC).	Regulated	EU		Evaluated for toxicity on monosex Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) fries over 14 days at doses from 0 to 10 times the recommended dose (1X is 50 ug/kg biomass/day). The 1X dose caused a 3.50 percent reduction in feed intake and 2.92 percent mortalities, indicating the recommended dose may induce stress and toxicity in tropical fish fries upon extended feeding. Higher doses caused significant dose-dependent reductions in feed intake, increased mortalities (up to 11.25 percent at 10X), and abnormal behavior. It significantly increased glucose and alkaline phosphatase levels, and reduced calcium, chloride, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels. EB residues peaked on day 14 (2.77 ng/g in 1X group) and remained within the permissible limits of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and the European Commission.	Actively Used	34728388
CID:11650986	CAS:155569-91-8	Emamectin benzoate	Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong; and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore	Hong Kong	Prescribed as the commercial product SLICE (0.2 percent emamectin benzoate) obtained from Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.	It is an effective pharmaceutical drug extensively used in salmon industries around the world, though resistance has developed in some regions. Systemic treatments like this are not widely used for marine fish in Asia. Based on tissue depletion rates, the 21-day withdrawal period recommended for salmonids appears suitable for grouper to remain below the 42 ppb maximum residue limit used in some countries.	No known regulations			It is an orally fed treatment that is distributed into tissues and mucus, killing sea lice by disrupting chloride ion movement in their nerve cells. The study evaluated its efficacy against sea lice infecting the oral cavity of hybrid grouper cultured in saltwater net-pens. Administered in feed at 50 ug/kg for 7 days, it successfully reduced overall sea lice infections, though it did not completely eliminate them in all fish. A large variation in tissue concentrations at the end of treatment suggested that the drug was unevenly distributed in the feed during the hand-mixing process.	Actively Used	33644159
CID:11650986	CAS:155569-91-8	Emamectin benzoate	Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Social Science Division, and Nutrition and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu	India	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Batch: SZBF170XV).	It is an innovative avermectin anti-parasitic drug that offers several advantages for aquaculture, including easy in-feed administration, high tolerance in fish, broad temperature efficacy, the ability to destroy all life stages of parasites, and an extended protection period with minimal environmental consequences. It is recommended as a safe and effective treatment to use against lernaeosis in aquaculture ponds.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a natural infestation of the anchor worm (Lernaea sp.) in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) juveniles. When administered via medicated feed at a dose of 50 ug/kg of fish body weight per day for 10 consecutive days, the treatment was 100 percent effective. It significantly reduced the parasitic intensity to zero over the 10-day period and improved the survival rate of the fish to 90 percent, compared to high mortality (83.3 percent) in the untreated control group. The treated fish exhibited substantial haematological improvements, including restored red and white blood cell counts, haemoglobin, and packed cell volume. Furthermore, comparative histopathology revealed no discernible lesions in the vital organs of the treated fish compared to the healthy fish, and no adverse toxicological responses were observed in uninfected fish fed the medicated diet.	Actively Used	37193509
CID:11650986	CAS:155569-91-8	Emamectin benzoate	Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC	Canada	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON) with greater than 99 percent purity.	It is the active ingredient in SLICE, which became the only product fully registered for use in Canada by 2009, though resistance later developed. It currently remains one of only three fully registered products in Canada.	Regulated	Canada		Evaluated for toxicity on early life stage pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) fry. Acute 48-hour water exposures showed an LC50 of 1090 ug/L. Subchronic 10-day sediment exposures showed an LC50 of 2065 ug/kg. Fish avoided it at concentrations greater than 300 ug/L. It had no significant effect on olfactory responsiveness in either water or sediment exposures.	Actively Used	34628582
CID:11650986	CAS:155569-91-8	Emamectin benzoate	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Ausburg, Germany)	"According to toxicity categories established in EU legislation (Directive 93/67/EEC), it is ""not classified"" (n.c.) because it has no toxic effects at the concentration tested."	No known regulations			It is a therapeutant that showed no toxic effects on V. fischeri at the maximum concentration tested (up to 6.3 mg l-1).	Actively Used	17292447
CID:11650986	CAS:155569-91-8	Emamectin benzoate	Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai; and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu	China	Purchased from Jiangxi Ruiwei Biotechnology Company (Jiangxi, China) with a purity greater than 95 percent (CAS No. 155569-91-8).	It is a highly effective semisynthetic macrolide insecticide synthesized by chemical modification of avermectin. It is widely used in agriculture and as an anthelmintic drug additive in aquaculture. However, its extensive use has resulted in widespread pollution in the aquatic environment, accumulating in aquatic sediments and non-target organisms.	No known regulations			Evaluated for cardiovascular developmental toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to concentrations of 0.1 to 8 mg/L for 3 days. Exposure to 2, 4, and 8 mg/L significantly decreased survival and hatching rates. Concentrations from 0.5 to 2 mg/L caused a significant increase in malformations, specifically spinal curvature and pericardial edema, and severely inhibited the heart rate (up to a 96.6 percent reduction at 2 mg/L). It induced cardiotoxicity by significantly decreasing end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and cardiac output, while increasing the distance between the sinus venosus and bulbus arteriosus. It also impeded vascular development by reducing the length and completion rate of intersegmental vessels. Molecular docking and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the drug binds stably to Toll-like receptors (TLR4 and TLR2), activating the TLR, p53, and apoptotic signaling pathways. This triggered a severe inflammatory response, marked by neutrophil migration to the heart and dorsal regions, ultimately leading to cardiac apoptosis. Treating the embryos with the anti-inflammatory drug aspirin successfully attenuated the cardiovascular toxicity.	Actively Used	37499828
CID:117587576	CAS:61251-97-6	Baccharin	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian green propolis, supplied by Apis Flora in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.	Investigated as a natural, environmentally friendly antibacterial compound to treat ESC and columnaris disease in channel catfish, aiming to replace conventional antibiotics and harsh chemicals.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri. Against F. covae, baccharin showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 56.3 mg/L. 	Tested	39387133
CID:12011	CAS:615-93-0	2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, but showed higher toxicity to the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:12035	CAS:616-91-1	N-acetyl-L-cysteine	Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón) and University of Valencia, Burjassot (Valencia)	Spain	Sigma Chemical	No specific governmental regulations regarding the use of this chemical are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Acts as an antioxidant and glutathione pro-drug. The study found that bath treatments with it enhance recovery from dichlorvos poisoning in European eels by ameliorating muscular GSH depletion and reducing brain AChE and GR inhibition.	Tested	13677510
CID:1254	CAS:89-78-1	(−)-Menthol	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as a natural antimicrobial alternative.	No known regulations			Exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against the A. salmonicida strains, displaying MIC values ranging from 1000 to 2000.	Tested	32119179
CID:12560	CAS:114-07-8	Erythromycin	Laboratorio de Diagnostico y Biotecnologia, ADL Diagnostic Chile, Puerto Montt; Laboratorio de Patologia de Organismos Acuaticos y Biotecnologia Acuicola, Universidad Andres Bello, Vina del Mar; Centro FONDAP, INCAR, Vina del Mar; and Centro de Investigacion Marina Quintay, Valparaiso	Chile	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co (USA).	It is a macrolide widely administered to treat BKD in broodstock rearing programs to reduce vertical transmission, especially during the freshwater stage in breeding farms in Chile.	Approved	Chile		Evaluated against Renibacterium salmoninarum isolates, MIC values ranged from 0.03 to 0.06 ug/ml in one laboratory and 0.125 to 0.5 ug/ml in another. The calculated epidemiological cut-off value was <= 0.125 ug/ml by ECOFFinder and <= 0.25 ug/ml by NRI. The study found evidence of an evolving subpopulation, with 33.8% of the studied Chilean isolates classified as non-wild-type, indicating a decrease in treatment efficacy and a need to reduce its use.	Actively Used	33075142
CID:12560	CAS:114-07-8	Erythromycin	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin, Fallaviers, France)	"According to toxicity categories established in EU legislation (Directive 93/67/EEC), it is classified as ""Not harmful""."	No known regulations			It is an antibiotic that showed an EC50 > 100 mg l-1, thus falling into the not harmful category.	Actively Used	17292447
CID:12560	CAS:114-07-8	Erythromycin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text (used for in vitro disc diffusion assays).	Evaluated as part of a broad antibiotic sensitivity screening due to the increasing controversy and bans on traditional antibiotics in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas caviae (strain L2) isolated from diseased Carassius auratus gibelio. The strain was determined to be resistant to this antibiotic.	Tested	32207876
CID:12560	CAS:114-07-8	Erythromycin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 128 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:12560	CAS:114-07-8	Erythromycin	Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana	Turkey	Oxoid (Hampshire, UK)	It is an antibiotic commonly used in Europe and Turkey, although the general use of antibiotics in aquaculture is currently restricted or prohibited in many countries.	Partially approved	EU		It was used as a standard reference antibiotic (positive control) in disc diffusion assays. The study found a 39.3% resistance rate to erythromycin among the 32 tested bacterial isolates from trout, tilapia, discus, and carp.	Actively Used	30179290
CID:12771	CAS:697-91-6	2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, but showed higher toxicity to the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:12867	CAS:719-22-2	2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated very weak anthelmintic activity, significantly underperforming compared to thymoquinone.	Tested	39837239
CID:129532628	CAS:9072-19-9	Fucoidan	Pathology Department, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, and Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura; and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville	Egypt	Supplied in a powder form by Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA, as a gift from Professor Hussein S. Hussein.	They are marine algal sulfated glycans widely used as dietary additives in aquaculture due to their recognized beneficial properties.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a dietary supplement in Nile tilapia, growth parameters were positively associated with the dose administered. It improved intestinal health by increasing intestinal villous area, length, and width, as well as the intraepithelial lymphocyte number, while decreasing the total intestinal bacterial count. It also decreased levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress markers and enhanced antioxidant status.	Actively Used	32829475
CID:13359	CAS:3411-58-3	L-cysteine ethyl ester	School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania	Australia	ICN Biomedicals (as LCEE hydrochloride)	The text notes there is a need for the development of alternative therapeutic treatments for amoebic gill disease (AGD) but does not mention specific governmental regulations regarding LCEE.	No known regulations			It is a mucolytic drug/agent. The study found that it significantly decreases the viscosity of marine Atlantic salmon mucus both in vitro and in vivo, and that oral administration delayed the progression of AGD-associated pathology, though palatability of the medicated feed was reduced. Proposed to hold potential as an in-feed additive	Tested	16175964
CID:13450	CAS:886-50-0	Terbutryn	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin, Fallaviers, France)	"According to the toxicity categories established in the EU legislation, it could be considered ""non-harmful""."	No known regulations			It is a pesticide/herbicide that caused 22% inhibition at concentrations up to 5 mg l-1.	Actively Used	17292447
CID:135398513	CAS:59277-89-3	Acyclovir	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Analytical grade, purchased from Macklin Chemistry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a fatal pathogen threatening the global crustacean industry with no commercially available drugs. Screening existing human antiviral drug libraries is considered a rapid and cost-effective strategy for discovering inhibitors against aquatic viral pathogens.	No known regulations			Evaluated against WSSV in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). It displayed the highest inhibition on WSSV replication in vivo among the tested drugs, showing a 92.59 percent inhibition rate at 50 mg/kg. It repressed WSSV proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion and markedly reduced the expression levels of crucial WSSV genes (ie1, DNApol, and Vp28) during early infection. It also significantly improved the survival rate of WSSV-challenged crayfish by 56 percent. Its safe concentration in crayfish was determined to be greater than 200 mg/kg.	Tested	34555435
CID:135398513	CAS:59277-89-3	Acyclovir	College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Evaluated as part of a panel of nine drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.	No known regulations			In vitro LC10 was greater than 250 mg/L; in vivo LC10 was 100 mg/L. In preliminary screening, it showed weak anti-NNV activity and was not selected for further therapeutic evaluation.	Tested	34962648
CID:135398635	CAS:118-00-3	Guanosine	College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Evaluated as part of a panel of nine drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.	No known regulations			In vitro LC10 was greater than 250 mg/L; in vivo LC10 was greater than 100 mg/L. In preliminary screening, it showed weak anti-NNV activity and was not selected for further evaluation.	Tested	34962648
CID:135398735	CAS:13292-46-1	Rifampicin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to compare with potential natural alternatives.	No known regulations			In vitro, A. caviae was sensitive to it, displaying an inhibition zone size of 28. It was also used in vivo as a positive control; a basal diet containing 200 of this antibiotic was fed to the fish, which successfully reduced the relative abundance of Aeromonas after infection, though not as significantly as the yeast glycoprotein treatment.	Tested	32207876
CID:135398735	CAS:13292-46-1	Rifampicin	Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo; and School of Pharmacy and Center for Integrative Microbial Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo	Norway	Sigma-Aldrich	It is extensively used as a standard in the treatment of intracellular infections (like those caused by Mycobacteria) in research-based and medical care institutions.	No known regulations			It is a hydrophobic drug. The study tested its efficiency against Francisella noatunensis ssp. orientalis (F.n.o.) in a zebrafish model. Encapsulation of rifampicin into biodegradable nanoparticles (both PLGA and nanostructured lipid carriers) enhanced its efficiency against the infection relative to the free drug. A single injection of PLGA-rifampicin nanoparticles was the second-best treatment evaluated, significantly delaying embryo mortality.	Tested	28627489
CID:135398740	CAS:82410-32-0	Ganciclovir	College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Evaluated as part of a panel of nine drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.	No known regulations			In vitro LC10 was greater than 250 mg/L; in vivo LC10 was greater than 100 mg/L. In preliminary screening, it showed weak anti-NNV activity and was not selected for further evaluation.	Tested	34962648
CID:135430323	CAS:20004-62-0	Heliomycin	Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna; Department of Chemistry and Helwan Nanotechnology Center, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo	Austria|Egypt	It is a secondary metabolite extracted from the culture broth of marine actinomycetes AB5 (isolated from soil sediment of the river Nile, Egypt), obtained from the library of the Marine Natural Product Unit, Helwan University.	It is an aromatic polyketide that exhibits antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer activities by inhibiting RNA synthesis and ATP production.	No known regulations			It showed a bacteriostatic effect against A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 2048 ug/mL and 1024 ug/mL respectively. It was highly cytotoxic to EPC fish cell lines at its MIC dose, causing cells to lose adherence, become spherical and pyknotic, and ultimately die. When combined with silver nanoparticles, it displayed a synergistic antibacterial effect.	Tested	33429926
CID:135449328	CAS:58306-30-2	Febantel	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. or Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. with high purity.	A benzimidazole drug investigated through computer-aided drug design as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans to overcome the drawbacks and resistance issues of traditional chemical treatments.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against the parasite Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated potent anthelmintic activity and a highly favorable safety profile.	Tested	39992024
CID:135449328	CAS:58306-30-2	Febantel	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan; and College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University/Tarim Research Center of Rare Fishes, Alar	China	Obtained from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) with a purity ≥ 98%.	A broad-spectrum anthelmintic commonly used to treat nematodes, tapeworms, and trematodes in terrestrial animals. It acts as a pro-benzimidazole, metabolizing into active compounds that inhibit the energy metabolism of parasites. It is being investigated as an alternative to highly toxic and resistance-prone traditional treatments (e.g., formalin, praziquantel) for managing monogenean infections (Gyrodactylus kobayashii) in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo and in vitro against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish (Carassius auratus). In vivo bath treatments showed a dose- and time-dependent efficacy, with 100% eradication at 0.1 mg/L after 48 hours. A short 6-hour exposure at 0.8 mg/L, followed by transfer to drug-free water, also resulted in complete eradication (100% efficacy) after 18 hours. Oral administration at 200 mg/kg bw for 5 days showed limited efficacy (49%). resulting in a highly favorable Therapeutic Index (TI) of 182.23. Sublethal exposure altered hepatic enzymes (SOD, GST) and gene expression (CYP1A, CYP3A), indicating transient interference with metabolism.	Tested	39492189
CID:140616	CAS:19832-87-2	2-chloro-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, but was highly toxic to the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:14162695	CAS:119262-68-9	Scutellarin methylester	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.645. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 7.231 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 11.365 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:14236566	CAS:19879-32-4	Bavachin D	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Chengdu Mansite Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China) (CAS No. 19879-32-4) and dissolved in DMSO.	It is a dihydroflavone identified as a constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine Psoralea corylifolia. It was investigated as a potential natural alternative to conventional chemical treatments, which pose risks of toxicity, residue, and environmental pollution.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the ciliated protozoan parasite Tetrahymena piriformis. Despite being isolated from the active ethyl acetate extract of P. corylifolia, Bavachin D demonstrated weak antiparasitic activity. It failed to kill all T. piriformis parasites within 2 hours even at a concentration of 25 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
CID:14463159	CAS:13137-64-9	Periplocin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.09. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 3.892 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 4.124 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:14778	CAS:1305-78-8	Calcium oxide	Hangzhou, China	China 	Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China	No specific governmental regulations mentioned for this individual chemical.	No known regulations			Actively used for sterilization and water treatment. The study found it decreases immune parameters (THC, PO, SOD) and increases mortality in infected crayfish , though it had little effect on apoptosis compared to other treatments.	Actively Used	30453045
CID:149096	CAS:100986-85-4	Levofloxacin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 128-256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:149096	CAS:100986-85-4	Levofloxacin	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Tested using standard antibiotic sensitivity discs (Hangzhou Microbiological Reagent Co., Ltd.).	Used to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Nocardia seriolae to find effective treatments for fish nocardiosis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. The strain was highly sensitive (S) to levofloxacin, producing an inhibitory zone of 28.30±0.47 mm.	Actively Used	38659458
CID:14969	CAS:1404-90-6	Vancomycin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested via disc diffusion method. The A. caviae isolate was classified as sensitive to it, producing an inhibition zone size of 13.	Tested	32207876
CID:14969	CAS:1404-90-6	Vancomycin	Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana	Turkey	Oxoid (Hampshire, UK)	The use of antibiotics in fish production is currently restricted and/or prohibited in many countries but they haven't mention this one specifically.	No known regulations			Used as a standard reference antibiotic (positive control) to test susceptibility against various fish pathogens and nonpathogenic isolates. All Gram-positive bacterial strains tested were susceptible to vancomycin, and interestingly, two Aeromonas sobria strains (Gram-negative) were also susceptible.	Actively Used	30179290
CID:14982	CAS:1405-86-3	Glycyrrhizic acid	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Stock solutions prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the compound in 1 mL of DMSO solution.	Investigated as a safe, plant-derived alternative (phytochemical) to antibiotics for managing nocardiosis infections, given concerns over rising antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. At a dose of 0.5 mg, it produced an inhibitory zone of 15.50±1.50 mm.	Tested	38659458
CID:152946	CAS:151096-09-2	Moxifoxacin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:1563	CAS:2507-55-3	2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou	China|Singapore	Sigma, Cat no. ab144006	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a myristic acid analog and an inhibitor of protein myristoylation. The study found that it inhibited both Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) entry and replication in grouper spleen (GS) cells in a dose-dependent manner.	Tested	29209860
CID:15910	CAS:1897-45-6	Chlorothalonil	Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University; and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida	Egypt	Known commercially as Daconil or Bravo (72 percent suspension), obtained from Syngenta, Egypt.	It is a broad-spectrum, non-systemic organochlorine fungicide and is ranked as one of the most frequently used agricultural fungicides worldwide, though it is reported to be highly toxic to fish and invertebrates and acts as an environmental pollutant.	Approved	Multiple countries		Evaluated for acute (20 to 140 ug/L) and sub-chronic (20 ug/L) waterborne toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Exposure induced mild to severe dose-dependent histopathological alterations across multiple organs, including the brain, gills, heart, intestine, liver, skeletal muscle, and spleen. It caused pronounced oxidative and nitrosative stress by significantly elevating hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide levels, while depleting antioxidant capacities such as superoxide/hydroxyl radical scavenging and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity. At the molecular level, it upregulated apoptotic and tumor markers (caspase-3, p53, and MCM3) and downregulated GPX in the liver. Mortalities exhibited a hormesis pattern (highest mortalities at 80 ug/L), which was closely associated with p53 expression.	Actively Used	33774206
CID:15976	CAS:4697-36-3	Carbenicillin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 64 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:159762		PAK-27 (sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate)	School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL	USA	Obtained from SePRO.	It is approved to control nuisance algae and cyanobacterial blooms in some states, but an algaecide must receive USEPA approval before its use in food fish aquaculture in the US.	Partially approved	USA		Tested as a granular hydrogen peroxide-based product at 10.2 mg/L, it effectively and selectively removed cyanobacteria while having similar total phytoplankton concentrations relative to the control during the 35-day field experiment. It had the highest treatment cost among tested products and significantly reduced zooplankton biomass.	Tested	33580364
CID:16129778	CAS:1401-55-4	Tannic acid	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Stock solutions prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the compound in 1 mL of DMSO solution.	Investigated as a safe, plant-derived alternative (phytochemical) to antibiotics for managing nocardiosis infections, given concerns over rising antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. It exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect among the tested phytochemicals, producing an inhibitory zone of 30.67±3.60 mm at a dose of 0.5 mg. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to be 0.0625 mg/mL.	Tested	38659458
CID:16129778	CAS:1401-55-4	Tannic acid	Instituto Nacional Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias, Dpto. Biotecnología, INIA, Madrid and Universidad Miguel Hernández, UMH-IBMC, Elche	Spain	Not explicitly stated in the text.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a low molecular weight drug that acts as a specific inhibitor of SERPINe1. In vitro, it successfully inhibited the infectivity of several fish rhabdoviruses, including VHSV, IHNV, and SVCV. In vivo trials on adult zebrafish showed that administration of tannic acid, either by mouth or incorporated into their feed, partially reduced mortalities caused by VHSV infection. Because of its low cost, it is considered a potential candidate for seasonal prevention of these viral diseases in aquaculture.	Tested	26363229
CID:16590	CAS:2179-57-9	Garlicin 80%	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Natural compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	Natural compounds are being explored to replace or combine with hazardous synthetic drugs in aquaculture feeds and baths.	No known regulations			Evaluated against S. chrysophrii, it exhibited a lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.60 mM. It also showed significant antimicrobial activity against V. harveyi at 10 uM.	Tested	34451443
CID:16747	CAS:4638-92-0	(+)-trans-Chrysanthemic Acid	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Natural compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	Natural compounds are being explored to replace or combine with hazardous synthetic drugs in aquaculture feeds and baths.	No known regulations			It was one of the least toxic natural compounds tested against S. chrysophrii, with an LC50 of 0.84 mM. However, it demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against V. anguillarum.	Tested	34451443
CID:167927	CAS:20736-08-7	Saikosaponin c (from radix bupleuri)	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Aladdin Industrial (AR grade)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It showed low anthelmintic activity against Dactylogyrus spp.	Tested	25266906
CID:167928	CAS:20736-09-8	Saikosaponin a (from radix bupleuri)	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Aladdin Industrial (AR grade)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It showed strong anthelmintic efficacy against Dactylogyrus spp. and was much safer for goldfish  compared to saikosaponin d. Its high therapeutic index (7.67) indicates it is a potential therapeutic agent for treating these infections.	Tested	25266906
CID:168114	CAS:23513-15-7	10-gingerol	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Purified from ginger (Zingiber officinale) using a bioassay-guided isolation method.	Investigated as a natural, biodegradable alternative to highly toxic chemical chemotherapeutics.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against adult N. girellae. At a high concentration of 1000 mg/L, it only achieved a mortality of 53.3 percent within 8 hours. The calculated 8-hour LC50 was 933.0 mg/L, making it one of the less effective phytochemicals evaluated.	Tested	33905159
CID:170990814		Acremocholone	Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of P. R. China, Xiamen; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, Zhejiang	China	Isolated from the fungal strain Acremonium sp. NBUF150, which was obtained from a Ciocalypta sp. sponge collected at 70 meters depth in mesophotic coral ecosystems near the Paracel Islands, South China Sea.	Sponge-associated fungi from mesophotic coral ecosystems represent a promising resource of anti-Vibrio drug leads for aquaculture use.	No known regulations			It is a newly discovered steroid that exhibited antimicrobial inhibition against Vibrio scophthalmi, V. shilonii, and V. brasiliensis at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 ug/mL. It did not inhibit the growth of nine other tested aquatic pathogens even at the highest tested concentration of 32 ug/mL.	Tested	35194947
CID:17161	CAS:2460-77-7	2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated activity lower than thymoquinone.	Tested	39837239
CID:176	CAS:64-19-7	Acetic acid	Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, As; and Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Tromso	Norway	It is a component (15 percent) of the commercial equilibrium mixture Perfectin obtained from Lilleborg AS, Oslo, Norway.	It is a natural component and a neutral degradation residue of peracetic acid, which is favoured as an oxidative treatment in salmonid aquaculture due to its minimal environmental impact.	No known regulations			Evaluated as part of a commercial mixture applied as a bath treatment to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The mixture induced physiological, structural, and transcriptional alterations in the nasal olfactory mucosa, triggering an adaptive response after repeated exposures.	Tested	33218110
CID:176	CAS:64-19-7	Acetic acid	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Not explicitly stated in the text.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Showed an MIC in agar of 250 ppm. In water, its activity was confirmed at an MLC of 250 ppm for S. parasitica CBS 223.65, while for the other two strains the MLC was 500 ppm.	Tested	30536642
CID:18347	CAS:3095-40-7	Spongouridine	College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Evaluated as part of a panel of nine drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.	No known regulations			In vitro LC10 was greater than 250 mg/L; in vivo LC10 was 100 mg/L. In preliminary screening, it showed weak anti-NNV activity and was not selected for further evaluation.	Tested	34962648
CID:185617	CAS:27740-01-8	Scutellarin	Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; and School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is considered one of the main functional flavonoids responsible for the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities of Scutellaria baicalensis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged rabbit fish macrophage (RFM) cells. It was not cytotoxic to the cells at concentrations up to 10 uM. It dose-dependently suppressed the LPS-induced expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b and TNF-a) and reduced the production of nitric oxide. It also markedly suppressed the enhancements of NF-kB and IL-6 promoter activities. However, its anti-inflammatory efficacy alone was lower than that of the full SBA extract, suggesting it works synergistically with other components in the whole plant extract.	Tested	36420515
CID:19211	CAS:3602-55-9	2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Selected as a highly promising candidate due to its potent efficacy, low toxicity, and excellent drug-likeness. In vivo, it exhibited outstanding anthelmintic activity against the parasite and low toxicity to goldfish, yielding a highly favorable therapeutic index. In a large-scale trial, bath treatment completely eradicated the parasite with only minor histopathological alterations in the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:193962	CAS:269055-15-4	Etravirine	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Identified from a virtual library of FDA-approved drugs and purchased from commercial suppliers with high purity.	An FDA-approved antiretroviral drug investigated as a potential therapeutic agent against monogenean infections in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Identified via virtual screening to target the tubulin protein. In vivo testing revealed it as a highly potent candidate with strong anthelmintic efficacy and a very favorable safety profile for goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:19649	CAS:57-92-1	Streptomycin	Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, B.C.S.; and Chemistry of Natural Products Laboratory, Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Gto.	Mexico		Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	No known regulations			No regulations mentioned	Tested	36265741
CID:19649	CAS:57-92-1	Streptomycin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 64-128 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:19649	CAS:57-92-1	Streptomycin	Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana	Turkey	Oxoid (Hampshire, UK)	It is an antibiotic commonly used in Europe and Turkey. However, general antibiotic use in aquaculture faces restrictions in many countries.	Partially approved	EU		Tested as a standard reference antibiotic against 32 bacterial strains. The study determined a 42.9% resistance rate to streptomycin among the bacterial strains isolated from various fish.	Actively Used	30179290
CID:197162	CAS:1405-10-3	Neomycin sulfate	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Tested using standard antibiotic sensitivity discs (Hangzhou Microbiological Reagent Co., Ltd.).	Used to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Nocardia seriolae to find effective treatments for fish nocardiosis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. The strain was highly sensitive (S) to neomycin sulfate (30 µg/tablet), producing an inhibitory zone of 27.67±3.30 mm.	Actively Used	38659458
CID:197162	CAS:1405-10-3	Neomycin sulfate	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang; and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong	China	Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China)	The recommended dosage of neomycin sulfate in fish is 10-100~mg/kg. However, there are increasing signs that its overuse in aquaculture has led to antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing potential risks to human health and the aquatic environment, and driving the need to reduce its usage.	No known regulations			It is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat external or internal bacterial infections, with excellent activity against Gram-negative bacteria like Aeromonas hydrophila. The study found that A. hydrophila can develop significant resistance to the drug (up to 64-fold). Utilizing GC-MS-based metabolomics, researchers identified L-aspartate as a crucial biomarker whose abundance correlates with this resistance. Adding exogenous L-aspartate sensitized both susceptible and resistant strains to neomycin sulfate, significantly improving the drug's bactericidal efficacy in vitro and in infected Carassius auratus.	Actively Used	30259527
CID:197162	CAS:1405-10-3	Neomycin sulfate	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was tested to see if myo-inositol could potentiate its bactericidal effects. 	Tested	30184134
CID:197810	CAS:476-32-4	Chelidonine	Institute of Freshwater Fisheries of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang and Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Isolated from the ethanol extract of Chelidonium majus L. whole plant	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid. In vivo tests showed it was completely effective against D. intermedius, showing a higher efficacy than the positive control mebendazole. It exhibited acute toxicity against the host (Carassius auratus), but demonstrated a high therapeutic index indicating it could be administered with safety in practical applications.	Tested	21537985
CID:1990	CAS:546-88-3	Acetohydroxamic acid	Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA	Sweden	Identified via the DrugBank database as an FDA-approved compound (DB00551). Dissolved in water for the assays.	It is FDA-approved and is used in humans at up to 15 mg/kg/day for the treatment of human urinary infections and stones.	Approved	USA		It is an inhibitor of ureases and was predicted to interact with the protein SPRG_06801 in S. parasitica, which catalyzes the decomposition of urea. It arrested growth completely with an MIC of 800 ug/ml in liquid Machlis medium and 600 ug/ml on PDA plates. Optical microscopy showed it induced low levels of side branching in the hyphal cells.	Tested	33178154
CID:19958	CAS:4044-65-9	Bitoscanate	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Synthetic compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	New synthetic alternatives are being investigated due to resistance and bans associated with currently used treatments like formalin and praziquantel.	No known regulations			It reached 100 percent mortality against S. chrysophrii only at the highest concentration (1 mM) at 24 hours. It did not induce significant reduction in SAF-1 cell viability, highlighting its non-toxic effect on the host cell system. It showed strong bactericidal activity against V. anguillarum at 10 uM.	Tested	34451443
CID:2082	CAS:54965-21-8	Albendazole	Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical - PPGBIO, Universidade Federal do Amapá - UNIFAP, Macapá; Laboratório de Morfofisiologia e Sanidade Animal, Universidade do Estado do Amapá - UEAP, Macapá; and Embrapa Amapá, Macapá	Brazil	Purchased from União Química Farmacêutica Nacional S/A, Brazil, and used as a 15% albendazole solution.	It is a benzimidazole anthelmintic widely used in veterinary medicine and global aquaculture, although often unregulated specifically for aquaculture. In Brazil, veterinary medications must demonstrate ≥90% efficacy to be registered by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) for prescribing in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against monogenean parasites (Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis, and Mymarothecium boegeri) infecting the gills of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui). Therapeutic baths of 500 mg/L (three 24-hour baths with 24-hour intervals) demonstrated a high efficacy of 94.9%. The treatment caused a slight increase in plasma glucose and total protein (indicating mild stress) but no significant adverse alterations in other hematological or histopathological parameters compared to the control group.	Actively Used	39194144
CID:2082	CAS:54965-21-8	Albendazole	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. or Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. with high purity.	A common benzimidazole evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated significant anthelmintic activity.	Tested	39992024
CID:208908	CAS:231277-92-2	Lapatinib	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Identified from a virtual library of FDA-approved drugs and purchased from commercial suppliers with high purity.	An FDA-approved drug investigated through computer-aided drug design as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans.	No known regulations			Identified via virtual screening, but demonstrated lower anthelmintic activity during in vivo evaluations in goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:2130	CAS:768-94-5	Amantadine	College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Evaluated as a drug with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Medically, it can enter the central nervous system (CNS) and is widely used for treating CNS diseases like Parkinson's.	No known regulations			Evaluated against nervous necrosis virus (NNV). In vitro toxicity (10 percent lethal concentration, LC10) was greater than 250 mg/L in SSN-1 cells, while in vivo LC10 for grouper was 55.61 mg/L. It relieved cytopathic effects and inhibited NNV replication with a 90 percent inhibitory concentration (IC90) of 38.74 mg/L in vitro and 27.91 mg/L in vivo (at 7 days post-infection). It demonstrated stronger therapeutic (post-infection) efficacy than ribavirin. At a safe exposure of 40 mg/L for 7 days, it increased the survival rate of NNV-infected grouper to 44 percent. The maximum content in the grouper brain (11.88 mg/kg) was reached at 24 hours, and it was rapidly excreted once placed in clean seawater.	Tested	34962648
CID:2130	CAS:768-94-5	Amantadine	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Analytical grade, purchased from Macklin Chemistry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Existing antiviral drugs are being screened as potential therapeutic agents to combat WSSV in crustacean aquaculture.	No known regulations			Screened as one of 11 common antiviral agents against WSSV in P. clarkii. At a dose of 50 mg/kg, it exhibited an inhibition rate of 68.33 percent against WSSV, identifying it as an effective agent, though less potent than acyclovir. Its safe concentration in crayfish was greater than 100 mg/kg.	Tested	34555435
CID:21704	CAS:5536-17-4	Vidarabine	College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Evaluated as part of a panel of nine drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.	No known regulations			In vitro LC10 was 145.92 mg/L; in vivo LC10 was greater than 100 mg/L. In preliminary screening, it showed weak anti-NNV activity and was not selected for further evaluation.	Tested	34962648
CID:222757	CAS:50-50-0	Estradiol benzoate	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Identified from a virtual library of FDA-approved drugs and purchased from commercial suppliers with high purity.	An FDA-approved drug investigated through computer-aided drug design as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans.	No known regulations			Identified via virtual screening, but demonstrated lower anthelmintic activity during in vivo evaluations in goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:2256	CAS:1912-24-9	Atrazine	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin, Fallaviers, France)	"According to toxicity categories established in EU legislation (Directive 93/67/EEC), it is ""not classified"" (n.c.) because it has no toxic effects at the concentration tested."	No known regulations			It is an herbicide that showed no toxic effects on V. fischeri at the concentration tested (up to 39.9 mg l-1).	Actively Used	17292447
CID:2266	CAS:123-99-9	Azelaic acid	Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA	Sweden	Identified via the DrugBank database as an FDA-approved compound (DB00548). Dissolved in water for the assays.	It is FDA-approved and has been found effective against various bacterial pathogens by inhibiting oxidoreductases and interfering with glycolysis. It has shown no toxic effects during oral or topical administration to humans.	Approved	USA		It was predicted to interact with SPRG_13682, a hypothetical protein with exonuclease activity. It exhibited an MIC of 800 ug/ml in both liquid Machlis medium and on PDA plates. Optical microscopy revealed it caused low levels of side branching in S. parasitica hyphae.	Tested	33178154
CID:2337	CAS:94-09-7	Benzocaine	Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macae; ICB-UFMG, Belo Horizonte; Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal; Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista; Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos; Faculty of Medicine Sao Leopoldo Mandic, Araras; and Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, Sao Paulo State University, Sorocaba	Brazil	No mention 	It is a local anesthetic commonly used in human medicine and is extensively used worldwide for the immobilization and anesthesia of fish in aquaculture.	No known regulations			It is the ethyl ester of p-aminobenzoic acid, favored for fish anesthesia due to its fast induction, short half-life, and rapid recovery time. However, it presents low bioavailability, resulting in weak and erratic absorption after bath immersion. In adult zebrafish, free benzocaine was not toxic to tissues at 25 and 50 mg/L after 24 and 96 hours. In embryos, free benzocaine did not cause significant mortality up to 62.5 ug/mL, but it caused sublethal effects such as tail malformations and pericardial edema at 15.6 and 62.5 ug/mL.	Actively Used	32970684
CID:2353	CAS:2086-83-1	Berberine	East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai and School of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai	China	Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from plants. The study found that it acts as a potent competitive inhibitor to CYP1A and downregulates its mRNA expression in crucian carp; at higher doses, it also inhibits CYP3A through the downregulation of its expression at both the mRNA and the protein levels.	Actively Used	21802525
CID:23616879	CAS:475-00-3	Veratrosine	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.098. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 4.583 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 15.243 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:23665637	CAS:74469-00-4	Amoxyclav	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 128-256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:23665760	CAS:7681-52-9	Sodium Hypochlorite	Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao; and Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent	China|Belgium	Obtained from Aladdin Chemistry Co..	Disinfectants are recommended by the OIE for aquatic disease management, though there are few regulations regarding their specific application amounts in aquaculture.	No known regulations			It is a commonly used disinfectant evaluated against AHPND-causing Vibrio isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 140 to 220 mg/L, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 200 to 260 mg/L. It was observed to show relatively lower inhibition effects on bacterial growth compared to other disinfectants.	Actively Used	32720097
CID:23665760	CAS:7681-52-9	Sodium Hypochlorite	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia	USA	The Clorox Co., Oakland, California	The paper states it is not specifically recommended for food fish aquaculture.	Not approved	USA		It was found to be an effective disinfectant in vitro, reducing or eliminating the number of detectable E. ictaluri and E. tarda organisms rapidly after contact.	Actively Used	21413505
CID:23665760	CAS:7681-52-9	Sodium Hypochlorite	Universidad de Cadiz, Puerto Real; Instituto Español de Oceanografía, A Coruña; and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, St. Louis, USA	The text notes that no regulations exist regarding the use of disinfectants, and no information is available on the amounts used in the marine aquaculture industry.	No known regulations			It is the most common disinfectant worldwide. In solution, it is quickly transformed into by-products that may produce negative environmental effects. The tested sea urchin species showed intermediate sensitivity to this chemical.	Actively Used	22562751
CID:23665760	CAS:7681-52-9	Sodium Hypochlorite	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Obtained as commercial sodium hypochlorite 5% from Audax, Brazil.	Widely used as a disinfectant in aquaculture to disinfect equipment and facilities.	No known regulations			It showed good antibacterial activity against the A. hydrophila strain, exhibiting bactericidal activity with an MIC of 7.5 mL/L and an MBC of 7.5 mL/L. Its use is strongly recommended for cleaning fish farming equipment.	Actively Used	32966864
CID:23675319	CAS:59703-84-3	Piperacillin sodium	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against the A. caviae strain, which exhibited complete resistance to it (inhibition zone size of 0).	Tested	32207876
CID:23928102	CAS:81525-13-5	Forsythoside B	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Stock solutions prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the compound in 1 mL of DMSO solution.	Investigated as a safe, plant-derived alternative (phytochemical) to antibiotics for managing nocardiosis infections, given concerns over rising antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. At a dose of 0.5 mg, it produced an inhibitory zone of 22.00±3.00 mm.	Tested	38659458
CID:24007	CAS:7446-08-4	Selenium dioxide	Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin; Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre, University of Szczecin, Szczecin; and Department of Limnology and Fishery, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw	Poland	Purchased from Merck.	Selenium is a vital trace element for growth and health, but excessive amounts are toxic and teratogenic. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommends supplementation levels of up to 0.2 mg/kg of organic selenium in feed to ensure consumer safety.	Regulated	EU		Evaluated as a short-term immersion treatment during the 3-hour egg-swelling period for fertilized eggs of sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta). Exposure to concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 8 mg Se/L had a slightly positive, non-significant impact on the hatching rate. However, at 16 mg Se/L, significant embryo mortality occurred starting from the gastrulation stage, and 32 mg Se/L proved 100 percent lethal by the eyed-egg stage. Selenium accumulated in the hatch bodies in a concentration-dependent manner. Fry survival up to four months was similar across all groups, but fry length and weight were positively correlated with the accumulated selenium concentration.	Tested	34679941
CID:2407		Bithionate Sodium	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Synthetic compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	New synthetic alternatives are being investigated due to resistance and bans associated with currently used treatments like formalin and praziquantel.	No known regulations			It exerted the most potent toxicity among all tested compounds against adult S. chrysophrii, with an LC50 of 0.01 mM. It demonstrated no host cytotoxicity in SAF-1 cells. It also showed medium and high potency against V. harveyi and V. anguillarum respectively, suggesting it as a strong candidate for in vivo testing.	Tested	34451443
CID:243	CAS:65-85-0	Benzoic acid	Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA	Sweden	Identified via the DrugBank database as an FDA-approved compound (DB03793). Dissolved in water for the assays.	It is an FDA-approved common food preservative used to prevent the growth of yeast and molds.	Approved	USA		It was predicted to interact with the putative hydrolase SPRG_02663. It completely arrested S. parasitica growth with an MIC of 600 ug/ml in liquid Machlis medium and 400 ug/ml on PDA plates. Optical microscopy observations showed pronounced hyper-branching of the hyphal cells when treated with this compound.	Tested	33178154
CID:243	CAS:65-85-0	Benzoic acid	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Dissolved in absolute ethanol and diluted with deionized water.	Has long been used as an antimicrobial preservative in the food industry and as an antifungal agent in topical preparations for human infections.	No known regulations			Showed the lowest MIC among tested molecules (100 ppm), with radial mycelial growth considerably slowed down at 50 ppm. The MLC for all tested strains was 250 ppm.	Tested	30536642
CID:24462	CAS:7758-98-7	Copper Sulfate	Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA	Sweden	Used as a positive control in the study. Dissolved in water for the assays.	It is known to be effective against Saprolegnia, but it has adverse effects on the environment.	No known regulations			It inhibits Saprolegnia growth by affecting multiple biological functions, including protein and energy biogenesis. It arrested mycelium growth with an MIC of 400 ug/ml in both liquid Machlis medium and PDA plates. Optical microscopy showed low levels of side branching.	Actively Used	33178154
CID:24462	CAS:7758-98-7	Copper Sulfate	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Obtained from Synth, Brazil.	Evaluated as an aquaculture disinfectant to control pathogens in facilities and equipment.	No known regulations			It demonstrated bactericidal activity against the A. hydrophila strain, with an MIC of 0.9375 g/L and an MBC of 0.9375 g/L.	Actively Used	32966864
CID:24462	CAS:7758-98-7	Copper Sulfate	Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP and Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG	Brazil	SYNTH	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is an inorganic chemical product worldwide used as an algaecide and a fungicide. The study found that exposure caused cellular and mitochondrial swelling in Nile tilapia. It significantly decreased force contraction and augmented the rates of time to tension increase and decrease, impairing oxidative mitochondrial function and altering cardiac performance.	Actively Used	22160950
CID:24462	CAS:7758-98-7	Copper Sulfate	National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; and Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai	China	Purchased from Guoyao Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China).	It is a highly water-soluble salt used as an antifungal fungicide, for preventing animal foot rot disease, and for removing pond algae. It is effective in controlling mycelium growth on fish eggs and is being evaluated as an alternative to the banned malachite green for treating saprolegniasis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect among the tested agents against Saprolegnia parasitica, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/L and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 5 mg/L. Transcriptomic analysis revealed it downregulated 2161 genes and upregulated 2118 genes. It mainly disrupted amino acid metabolism (such as arginine biosynthesis), glutathione metabolism, and lipid metabolism. This ultimately caused the inhibition of the pathogen's energy supply, suppressed ATP synthesis, and led to cell death.	Tested	36140692
CID:24462	CAS:7758-98-7	Copper Sulfate	School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL	USA	Obtained from VWR.	It is the only fully EPA approved algaecide for use in food-fish aquaculture to date.	Approved	USA		Tested at 0.4 mg/L as copper, it significantly reduced total phytoplankton and cyanobacteria. It was the most efficient and cheapest choice for total biomass reduction, but it significantly reduced zooplankton densities. Its broad-spectrum toxicity shifted the final phytoplankton community to be dominated by cyanobacteria after 35 days.	Actively Used	33580364
CID:24462	CAS:7758-98-7	Copper Sulfate	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Currently, it is not approved for therapeutic use in aquaculture, although it was widely used in the past to control saprolegniosis.	Not approved	Italy		In agar, 50 ppm was effective in slowing down radial growth and inhibiting aerial mycelium at 6 days, with complete inhibition (MIC) at 250 ppm. In water, a 1-hour exposure had an MLC of 1,000 ppm on S. parasitica CBS 223.65 and 5,000 ppm on the other two strains.	Tested	30536642
CID:24462	CAS:7758-98-7	Copper Sulfate	Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong	USA	Sigma-Aldrich	No specific governmental usage regulations are explicitly mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was tested using plate counting and MTS assays. The lethal concentrations were significantly higher for T. thermophila compared to those for Ich theronts at 1 h and 24 h post-exposure.	Actively Used	25857201
CID:24462	CAS:7758-98-7	Copper Sulfate	Hangzhou, China	China 	Guangdong Fine Chemical Engineering Research and Development Center, China	No specific governmental regulations mentioned for this individual chemical.	No known regulations			Actively used for water treatment and sterilization. The study found it decreases immune parameters (THC, PO, SOD) and increases mortality in infected crayfish , but had little effect on the apoptosis rate.	Actively Used	30453045
CID:24462	CAS:7758-98-7	Copper Sulfate	Science and Letters Faculty, Biology Department, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman; and Kahta Vocational School, Veterinary Department, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman	Turkey	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (USA).	It is widely used worldwide as an algaecide/fungicide in aquaculture and agriculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated for hemotoxic effects on freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus at a sublethal concentration of 0.05 mg/L for 4 and 21 days. It did not cause mortality, but it decreased erythrocyte, hematocrit, and hemoglobin values. It caused oxidative stress by decreasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, while elevating glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and blood copper levels.	Actively Used	34216227
CID:24462	CAS:7758-98-7	Copper Sulfate	Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou	China	Purchased from Sinopharm.	It is the most commonly used copper preparation in aquaculture due to its strong ability to kill pathogens. It acts as a widely used disinfectant, effectively inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi, and planktonic organisms, and is also used as an algicide and herbicide.	No known regulations			Evaluated for hepatotoxicity in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) after a 21-day exposure at 0.5 mg/L. It caused significant damage to the liver tissue, increasing the gap between hepatocytes and leading to the formation of autophagolysosomes and extensive intracellular vacuoles. The number of hepatocytes per unit area was reduced to 63.5 percent of the control. It induced oxidative stress, significantly increasing the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) at day 7, while inhibiting these enzymes by day 21. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 687 up-regulated and 668 down-regulated genes, negatively affecting immune response pathways. Its toxic effects and resulting liver necrosis were significantly exacerbated when used in combination with trichlorfon.	Actively Used	37446380
CID:24462	CAS:7758-98-7	Copper Sulfate	Adiyaman University, Science and Letters Faculty, Biology Department, Adiyaman; and Adiyaman University, Kahta Vocational School, Veterinary Department, Adiyaman	Turkey	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (USA).	It is widely used globally as a fungicide in agriculture and as an algaecide in aquaculture. Its increasing use raises concerns regarding its potential effects on the health of aquatic organisms and ecological risks.	No known regulations			Evaluated for toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at a sublethal concentration of 0.05 mg/L over 4 and 21 days. The 21-day exposure increased plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cortisol, glucose, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). It decreased plasma total protein and induced oxidative stress in gill and liver tissues, indicated by decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH), alongside increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Co-exposure with copper oxide nanoparticles caused more severe toxicity than exposure alone.	Actively Used	35298018
CID:2450	CAS:52-51-7	Bronopol	National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; and Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai	China	Purchased from Guoyao Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China).	It is an alcohol (2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol) commonly used as a fungicide and preservative in agriculture, cosmetics, and water-treatment. It has been shown to reduce bacteria and fungal infections on fish eggs (like tilapia and rainbow trout) and is being explored as a substitute for malachite green.	No known regulations			Demonstrated strong antifungal activity with an MIC of 4 mg/L and an MBC of 4 mg/L against S. parasitica. Transcriptomic analysis showed it downregulated 319 genes and upregulated 723 genes. It disrupted metabolic pathways, specifically enriching pathways for valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, propanoate metabolism, and fatty acid degradation. The drug caused reduced uptake of amino acids from intracellular stores, affecting the TCA cycle and energy production, and led to oxidative stress via fatty acid oxidation.	Tested	36140692
CID:24504	CAS:7778-54-3	Calcium hypochlorite	Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao; and Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent	China|Belgium	Obtained from Aladdin Chemistry Co..	Disinfectants are crucial for biosecurity in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated against multiple Vibrio isolates, its MIC ranged from 200 to 260 mg/L, and its MBC ranged from 240 to 320 mg/L. It showed the weakest inhibitory effect among the four kinds of chlorine disinfectants tested.	Actively Used	32720097
CID:24504	CAS:7778-54-3	Calcium hypochlorite	Hangzhou, China	China 	Bojie Environmental Protection Technology CO2 Ltd., Ningbo, China	No specific governmental regulations mentioned for this individual chemical.	No known regulations			Actively used in aquaculture for water treatment and purification. The study found it significantly reduces innate immunity (THC, PO, SOD) and caused the highest hemocyte apoptosis rate and lowest survival rate in infected crayfish.	Actively Used	30453045
CID:25079965	CAS:20196-89-8	Kaempferol 7-O-rhamnoside	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.116. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 8.272 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 9.297 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:25245	CAS:5003-48-5	Benorilate	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Identified from a virtual library of FDA-approved drugs and purchased from commercial suppliers with high purity.	An FDA-approved drug investigated through computer-aided drug design as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans.	No known regulations			Identified via virtual screening, but demonstrated lower anthelmintic activity during in vivo evaluations in goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:2537	CAS:76-22-2	Camphor	Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo	Japan	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is one of the major constituents of rosemary extract. When evaluated in vitro against D. minutus, it demonstrated dose-dependent anthelmintic activity but was less potent than 1,8-Cineole and (-)-β-Pinene.	Tested	29080753
CID:25517	CAS:12125-02-9	Ammonium chloride	Nagasaki University and AVSS Corporation, Nagasaki	Japan	Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA	The paper explicitly states that the agents discussed have not yet been approved for application in fish culture.	No known regulations			It is a lysosomotropic agent that inhibits the acidification of endosomes. A concentration of 1 mM completely inhibited the cytopathic effect (CPE) after 6 days by blocking the entry of betanodavirus into cells.	Tested	17891330
CID:25517	CAS:12125-02-9	Ammonium chloride	Division of Aquatic Environment and Health Management, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai; and OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu	India	Sigma, USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a lysosomotropic agent evaluated in vitro for its inhibitory effects against betanodavirus in the Sahul Indian sea bass kidney (SISK) cell line. Tested concentrations up to 10 mM were found to be non-toxic to the cells. The study showed that it successfully inhibited betanodavirus infection at concentrations of 1 mM and 10 mM. It halts the entry of viruses by changing the pH in endosomes.	Tested	29890241
CID:261501	CAS:886-86-2	Tricaine	Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia	Spain	Not stated in the text	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is an anaesthetic commonly used in aquatic organisms. The study demonstrated that feeding time can shift the daily variations of its effectiveness. Plasma MS-222 levels were found to be higher during the photophase than during the dark phase, suggesting that differential uptake from the water at different times of the day might be involved in the daily variations of its effectiveness.	Actively Used	23194394
CID:2703	CAS:34316-15-9	Chelerythrine	Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi and Institute of Freshwater Fisheries of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang	China	Isolated from Chelidonium majus L. (n-butanol extract)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid that showed potent in vivo anthelmintic efficacy against Dactylogyrus intermedius on grass carp gills. It also exhibited acute toxicity to the grass carp host.	Tested	21400114
CID:2719	CAS:54-05-7	Chloroquine	Nagasaki University and AVSS Corporation, Nagasaki	Japan	Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA	The paper explicitly states that the agents discussed have not yet been approved for application in fish culture.	No known regulations			It is a lysosomotropic agent that inhibits the acidification of endosomes. A concentration of 1 µM completely inhibited the CPE after 6 days by blocking the entry of betanodavirus into cells.	Tested	17891330
CID:27200	CAS:15318-45-3	Thiamphenicol	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Obtained from Sigma Aldrich with greater than or equal to 99.0% purity.	Evaluated as a promising synthetic antibiotic that may yield valuable products for aquaculture MAS treatment.	No known regulations			The A. hydrophila strain was susceptible to a standard dose, showing an MIC of 0.25 ug/mL and an MBC greater than 2 ug/mL, classifying its effect as bacteriostatic.	Tested	32966864
CID:2726	CAS:50-53-3	Chlorpromazine	Nagasaki University and AVSS Corporation, Nagasaki	Japan	Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA	The paper explicitly states that the agents discussed have not yet been approved for application in fish culture.	No known regulations			It prevents assembly and disassembly of clathrin lattices at the cell surface and on endosomes, inhibiting clathrin-mediated endocytosis. A concentration of 10 µM completely inhibited the CPE after 6 days.	Tested	17891330
CID:2730	CAS:2921-88-2	Chlorpyrifos	Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv; Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv; Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen; Pal Juhasz-Nagy Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen; and National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Safety, University of Debrecen, Debrecen	Bulgaria|Hungary	Obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).	It is an organophosphorus insecticide frequently used for pest control in agriculture and households worldwide. It has recently been banned in Europe by European Commission 2020, but can still be applied until market supplies are depleted.	Banned	EU		Evaluated for long-term (30 days) toxicity on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at concentrations of 0.03, 0.05, and 0.10 ug/L. It caused severe histological changes in gill architecture (vasodilation, aneurysms, fusion of secondary lamellae) and liver (hyperemia, granular, fatty, and vacuolar degeneration, hypertrophy). It induced oxidative stress, significantly increasing the activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) compared to controls. It decreased the respiration rate and condition factor (K), while increasing the hepatosomatic index (HSI). Significant bioaccumulation occurred, with a higher bioaccumulation factor (BAF) in the gills than in the liver.	Tested	36030007
CID:27447	CAS:15686-71-2	Cefalexin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Evaluated via disc diffusion; the A. caviae strain was highly resistant, producing an inhibition zone size of 0.	Tested	32207876
CID:2758	CAS:470-82-6	1,8-Cineole	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Natural compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	Natural compounds are being explored to replace or combine with hazardous synthetic drugs in aquaculture feeds and baths.	No known regulations			It showed an LC50 of 0.67 mM against S. chrysophrii. It exhibited the highest anti-Vibrio harveyi effect among the tested natural compounds.	Tested	34451443
CID:2758	CAS:470-82-6	1,8-Cineole	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as a natural antimicrobial alternative.	No known regulations			It demonstrated weak antibacterial activity, requiring MIC values of 3647 or greater across the tested strains.	Tested	32119179
CID:2758	CAS:470-82-6	1,8-Cineole	Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo	Japan	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was the most abundant and potent pure component tested against D. minutus. The study suggests the overall anthelmintic activity of rosemary extracts is mainly due to this compound.	Tested	29080753
CID:276389	CAS:26833-85-2	Harringtonine	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou	China|Singapore	Abcam, Cat no. ab141941	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is an inhibitor of protein synthesis. The study showed that it significantly reduced SGIV replication in a dose-dependent manner without significant toxicity, but had little inhibitory effect on viral entry.	Tested	29209860
CID:2764	CAS:85721-33-1	Ciprofloxacin	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Ausburg, Germany)	"According to the toxicity categories established in the EU legislation, it could be considered ""non-harmful""."	No known regulations			It is an antibiotic that caused 28% inhibition at concentrations up to 5.9 mg l-1.	Actively Used	17292447
CID:2764	CAS:85721-33-1	Ciprofloxacin	School of Life and Health Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London	UK	Obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.	It is an antibiotic widely used for the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections in humans, agri- and aquaculture, and livestock rearing, making it a prevalent pollutant in European surface waters.	No known regulations			It is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic evaluated for its toxicity and growth inhibition on the ubiquitous freshwater bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 30 C was 500 ug/L. Its efficacy was highly dependent on temperature, with its half maximal effective concentration (EC50) dropping from 486 ug/L at 15 C to 145 ug/L at 25 C. When mixed with ofloxacin, it exhibited low-temperature-dependent synergistic effects in inhibiting bacterial growth at 15 and 17.5 C, and additive effects at higher temperatures of 20 and 25 C.	Actively Used	34947966
CID:2764	CAS:85721-33-1	Ciprofloxacin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:2764	CAS:85721-33-1	Ciprofloxacin	Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza and State University of Ceará, Fortaleza	Brazil	Sigma Chemical Corporation; USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was tested in vitro for antimicrobial susceptibility against V. vulnificus and V. mimicus strains isolated from prawn farming environments. It demonstrated a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.001 µg/mL against both species.	Tested	26851782
CID:2764	CAS:85721-33-1	Ciprofloxacin	Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan; and Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu	India 	Purchased from Sigma Aldrich (purity greater than or equal to 98.0 percent).	It is a highly prescribed medication against various bacterial infections in human and aquaculture practices. However, its extensive usage has made it a ubiquitous aquatic contaminant of emerging concern, and strict environmental regulations are urgently warranted.	No known regulations			It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone. The study evaluated its ecotoxicity on freshwater fingerlings of Cirrhinus mrigala at environmentally relevant concentrations (1 ug/L and 1.5 ug/L) over 15 days. Exposure caused significant oxidative stress, indicated by elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid peroxidase (LPO) activities, alongside predominantly decreased catalase (CAT) activity in the gills, liver, and kidneys. The drug induced multiple morphological anomalies such as lamellar fusion and necrosis in the gills, nuclei degeneration in the liver, and tubular necrosis in the kidneys. Additionally, the exposure led to a significant decline in plasma inorganic ions (sodium, potassium, and chloride).	Actively Used	33382204
CID:2764	CAS:85721-33-1	Ciprofloxacin	Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana and Chaudhary Devilal University, Sirsa, Haryana	India	Not explicitly stated in the text	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a standard synthetic antibiotic used as a positive control to determine antibacterial activity against P. fluorescens and A. hydrophila.	Actively Used	24312842
CID:27944	CAS:16595-80-5	Levamisole hydrochloride	Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong; and Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, Gijang, Busan	Republic of Korea	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).	It is an anthelmintic that functions as an acetylcholinesterase (AchE) mimetic, paralyzing or eliminating parasites by depolarizing their ganglia or interfering with their carbohydrate metabolism. It is a commercially viable treatment in aquaculture being investigated as a much-needed alternative therapy for monogenean infections due to the declining susceptibility and potential resistance of parasites to currently used drugs like praziquantel.	No known regulations			Evaluated against the gill fluke Microcotyle sebastis, which commonly plagues the Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). In vitro experiments established the minimum effective concentration (MEC) at 100 mg/L, causing rapid parasite detachment and death. In vivo, the drug was evaluated using injection, immersion, and oral administration. While injection (100 and 200 mg/kg) and immersion (100 and 200 mg/L) showed high anthelmintic efficacy, they induced severe adverse side effects in the fish, including abnormal swimming, excessive mucus secretion, vomiting, and high mortality (up to 100 percent in the 200 mg/L immersion group). Conversely, oral administration at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg was determined to be safe, exhibiting no adverse behavioral or mortality effects while providing anthelmintic efficacies of 27.3 percent and 41.6 percent, respectively. Biochemical analysis of the safe oral dose confirmed its rapid metabolism; transient, but significant, elevations in liver enzymes (GOT and GPT) were observed on days 1 and 3 post-administration at 20 degrees Celsius, but they returned to normal levels shortly thereafter.	Tested	37889686
CID:2912	CAS:52315-07-8	Cypermethrin	Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv; Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv; Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen; Pal Juhasz-Nagy Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen; and National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Safety, University of Debrecen, Debrecen	Bulgaria|Hungary	Obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).	It is a fourth-generation halogenated synthetic pyrethroid widely applied in agriculture and household pest management. The European Environmental Agency set its maximum allowable concentration (MAC-EQS) at 0.0006 ug/L.	No known regulations			Evaluated for long-term (30 days) toxicity on common carp at 0.0002, 0.0003, and 0.0006 ug/L. It demonstrated a more prominent toxic effect than chlorpyrifos. It caused destructive histological alterations, including necrosis in both gills and liver, along with vacuolar and fatty degeneration. It resulted in stronger behavioral alterations (erratic swimming, loss of equilibrium, intense mucous secretion) and greater increases in antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, GPx, GR) than CPF. It significantly decreased respiration rate and condition factor. It exhibited significant bioaccumulation, with higher BAF values in the liver than in the gills.	Actively Used	36030007
CID:2912	CAS:52315-07-8	Cypermethrin	Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland; and Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig	UK	Chem Service, West Chester, PA, USA (obtained as a mixture of cis-cypermethrin 40% and trans-cypermethrin 58% at analytical quality)	It is a currently licensed sea louse treatment.	Registered	UK		It is a pyrethroid used as a parasiticide bath treatment in salmon farming. The study found it to be highly toxic to Daphnia magna. When combined with deltamethrin in a binary mixture, it showed greater than additive toxic effects at the level.	Actively Used	26401637
CID:2912	CAS:52315-07-8	Cypermethrin	Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC	Canada	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON) with greater than 98 percent purity.	It is the active ingredient in Excis, which was registered under a research permit, but it is currently not among the fully registered products in Canada.	Registered	Canada		It was highly toxic to pink salmon fry. Acute 48-hour water exposure yielded an LC50 of 5.1 ug/L, and subchronic 10-day sediment exposure yielded an LC50 of 97 ug/kg. Fish did not avoid it at any concentration tested. It significantly decreased olfactory responsiveness at 3 ug/L in water and 50 ug/kg in sediment. Swimming performance significantly decreased at 2 ug/L.	Tested	34628582
CID:30231	CAS:20702-77-6	Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.45. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 13.398 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 25.483 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:3039	CAS:62-73-7	Dichlorvos	Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón) and University of Valencia, Burjassot (Valencia)	Spain	Laboratorios Hipra S.A., Girona, Spain (as Hexipra Solucion®)	The US EPA announced an intention to cancel several registrations in 1995 due to cancer hazard concerns, but the classification was later downgraded. Its use is explicitly banned in the UK for bath treatments of fish against sea lice infestations.	Banned	UK		It is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide that causes oxidative stress and inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Due to resistance and bans, it has been replaced by other organophosphates like azamethiphos for certain treatments.	Actively Used	13677510
CID:3083714	CAS:1406-11-7	Polymixin B	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			The A. caviae isolate was resistant to it in vitro, showing an inhibition zone size of 0.	Tested	32207876
CID:31101	CAS:25614-03-3	Bromocriptine	Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Mazatlán, Sinaloa; and Instituto de Ciencias Del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, Sinaloa	Mexico	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA; B2134-100 MG; ≥98% purity).	A phytochemical compound (quinonoid) evaluated as a potential antimonogenean agent through a computer-guided drug repositioning approach. Pharmacological evaluations have deemed it a safe agent for mice and fish with minimal adverse effects reported.	No known regulations			Selected via in silico molecular docking due to its high predicted affinity for the 5HTRL serotonergic receptor of monogeneans. Despite the computational predictions, in vitro bioassays showed that bromocriptine did not exhibit any mortality against adult Rhabdosynochus viridisi at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L.	Tested	38593863
CID:3120	CAS:330-54-1	Diuron	Hatsukaichi Branch, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima; Fisheries and Ocean Technologies Center, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, Kure, Hiroshima; and Goto Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Goto, Nagasaki	Japan	Purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan) with purity greater than 98.0 percent.	It has been used in combination with cuprous oxide as a novel antifouling booster biocide on ship hulls and fishing nets over the last two decades, following international restrictions on harmful organotins.	No known regulations			Evaluated for embryotoxicity in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). The 24-hour no observed effect concentration (NOEC) was approximately 9.5 ug/L based on actual concentrations. Environmental concentrations detected in surface seawater from Hiroshima Bay ranged from 1.7 to 27.6 ng/L. Because the NOEC is over 100-fold higher than the highest environmental concentrations, the ecological risk posed by diuron to oyster embryos in the bay is considered low.	Actively Used	34494197
CID:3220	CAS:518-82-1	Emodin	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Purified from huzhang / Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) using a bioassay-guided isolation method.	Explored as an environmentally friendly botanical drug candidate for aquaculture.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against adult N. girellae. It was relatively ineffective, showing only 20.0 percent mortality at 1000 mg/L after 8 hours. The 8-hour LC50 was determined to be 1145.0 mg/L.	Tested	33905159
CID:3220	CAS:518-82-1	Emodin	Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Isolated from the plant Polygonum cuspidatum.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text, but the study notes that phytotherapy is being explored as an alternative for treating fish diseases due to the potential human health risks associated with current aquaculture practices.	No known regulations			It is an antiparasitic compound evaluated against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliated parasite causing significant economic losses in aquaculture (such as in grass carp). In vitro tests showed that emodin at 1 mg/L killed all I. multifiliis theronts in 96.0 minutes. At 0.5 mg/L or lower, it could not kill all theronts but significantly reduced their infectivity.	Tested	29604998
CID:323	CAS:91-64-5	Coumarin	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Synthetic compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	New synthetic alternatives are being investigated due to resistance and bans associated with currently used treatments like formalin and praziquantel.	No known regulations			Against S. chrysophrii, 100 percent mortality was reached only at the highest concentration (1 mM) at 24 hours. It exerted strong antibacterial activity against V. anguillarum.	Tested	34451443
CID:323	CAS:91-64-5	Coumarin	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Stock solutions prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the compound in 1 mL of DMSO solution.	Investigated as a safe, plant-derived alternative (phytochemical) to antibiotics for managing nocardiosis infections, given concerns over rising antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. It demonstrated substantial inhibitory effects, producing an inhibitory zone of 27.33±2.08 mm at a dose of 0.5 mg.	Tested	38659458
CID:3314	CAS:97-53-0	Eugenol	University of Malaysia, Kelantan Jeli Campus, Kelantan and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu	Malaysia	Analar, UK	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was used as a positive control in the study's antimicrobial assays and showed a minimal inhibitory concentration against the tested bacteria. It was also identified as a minor chemical component of the C. nardus essential oil.	Actively Used	23825733
CID:3314	CAS:97-53-0	Eugenol	Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS; and Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS	Brazil	Biodinamica (Ibiporã, Paraná, Brazil)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned for this phytochemical.	No known regulations			It is a phenylpropene and was found to be one of the most effective phytochemicals against the tested fish pathogenic bacteria. It inhibited bacterial biofilm formation and decreased haemolytic activity at all tested subinhibitory concentrations. Combinations with florfenicol or oxytetracycline resulted in additive effects.	Tested	29741243
CID:3314	CAS:97-53-0	Eugenol	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Displayed strong antibacterial activity with MIC values between 125 and 250. A specific combination ratio of 70 eugenol to 30 cinnamaldehyde exhibited a highly synergistic effect against multiple bacterial strains, lowering the required effective concentration.	Tested	32119179
CID:3314	CAS:97-53-0	Eugenol	College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou	China	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (E51791)	Eugenol is a phenolic aromatic compound naturally occurring in essential oils of plants in the Labiatae, Camphoraceae, and Myrtaceae families (commonly found in clove). It is investigated as a green, healthy, and efficient fishery drug to inhibit viral infections in aquaculture, serving as a potential environmentally friendly alternative to chemical drugs.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) using grouper spleen (GS) cells. The optimal inhibitory effect was achieved by pretreating cells with 100 μM eugenol for 4 hours prior to infection. Eugenol inhibited SGIV infection by suppressing the MAPK signaling pathway (reducing levels of inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, and up-regulating the expression of interferon-related genes (ISG15, ISG56, MX1, and MDA5). The maximum safe concentration for GS cells was determined to be 150 μM.	Tested	38964434
CID:33255	CAS:25953-19-9	Cefazolin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 512 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:33255	CAS:25953-19-9	Cefazolin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested via disc diffusion; the pathogen was resistant to it (inhibition zone size of 0).	Tested	32207876
CID:33255	CAS:25953-19-9	Cefazolin	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the study to assess the ability of quercetin to modulate antibiotic resistance against A. hydrophila.	No known regulations			Screened in vitro against A. hydrophila. The addition of 30 ug/mL of quercetin to the antibiotic treatment reduced bacterial viability compared to treatment with the antibiotic alone.	Tested	35884183
CID:336327	CAS:32383-76-9	Medicarpin	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian red propolis, sourced from COAPER, Canavieiras, Bahia, Brazil.	Investigated as an environmentally benign antibacterial compound to treat bacterial infections (E. ictaluri and F. covae) in channel catfish aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri. Against F. covae, medicarpin exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 27.0 mg/L. 	Tested	39387133
CID:3365	CAS:86386-73-4	Fluconazole	Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana and Chaudhary Devilal University, Sirsa, Haryana	India	Not explicitly stated in the text	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a standard synthetic antifungal drug used as a positive control to determine antifungal activity against C. albicans.	Actively Used	24312842
CID:3374	CAS:42835-25-6	Flumequine	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Ausburg, Germany)	"According to toxicity categories established in EU legislation (Directive 93/67/EEC), it is ""not classified"" (n.c.) as toxic effects were not observed at the maximum concentration tested."	No known regulations			It is an antibiotic that showed no toxic or inhibition effects at the maximum concentration tested (0.198 mg l-1).	Actively Used	17292447
CID:3374	CAS:42835-25-6	Flumequine	Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Agripolis Campus, University of Padua, Legnaro; Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Padova; and Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Olomouc	Italy	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Italy.	It is a fluoroquinolone widely used in veterinary medicine and aquaculture, but its massive use and robust chemical nature lead to persistence as an environmental pollutant and the development of microbial resistance.	No known regulations			It is highly effective against fish pathogens. In vitro tests against Aeromonas veronii determined a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.125, displaying a bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal effect at this low concentration. In in vivo tests using Daphnia magna, the soluble antibiotic exhibited toxicity, causing immobilization in the crustaceans.	Actively Used	32305623
CID:3374	CAS:42835-25-6	Flumequine	Universidad de Cadiz, Puerto Real; Instituto Español de Oceanografía, A Coruña; and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, St. Louis, USA	According to REACH regulations (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals), a substance is considered persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) based on its half-life and bioaccumulation factor.	No known regulations		REACH PBT substance	It is an antibiotic that was found to be one of the most toxic antibiotics for P. lividus and A. lixula. It appears to be the most dangerous because it is more likely to persist in food chains.	Actively Used	22562751
CID:3374	CAS:42835-25-6	Flumequine	Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles, Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet; Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CHU de Monastir, Universite de Monastir; Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana; and Centre de Microscopie Electronique, IBDML, campus Luminy Marseille	Tunisia	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a broad-spectrum synthetic antibacterial agent of the quinolones class and one of the most prescribed drugs in aquaculture farms. Its intensive oral administration leads to environmental accumulation, which is worrisome due to environmental risks and the emergence of resistant bacteria in sediment and fish-associated strains.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a nano-formulation encapsulated within titanate nanotubes (TiNTs) to improve its delivery and efficacy. The drug entrapment efficiency reached approximately 80 percent, providing sustained release over 5 days. Against Escherichia coli, the FLUM-loaded TiNTs showed spectacularly higher antibacterial activity than free FLUM, decreasing bacterial viability to approximately 5 percent after 5 days compared to 75 percent for the free antibiotic. Ex vivo permeation experiments on sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax) intestine showed that the nano-encapsulation increased the intestinal permeation flux of FLUM by 12-fold (from 0.18 to 1.46 ug/cm2/h). High concentrations of the loaded nanotubes were able to cross the intestine without inducing toxicity or histological lesions.	Actively Used	35424545
CID:34474	CAS:29096-93-3	2,5-dibromo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated highly potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, and showed low toxicity to goldfish, resulting in a favorable therapeutic index.	Tested	39837239
CID:3467	CAS:1403-66-3	Gentamicin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Displayed an inhibition zone size of 12 against A. caviae, but the strain was ultimately classified as resistant.	Tested	32207876
CID:3467	CAS:1403-66-3	Gentamicin	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in the study to assess the ability of quercetin to modulate antibiotic resistance against A. hydrophila.	No known regulations			Screened in vitro against A. hydrophila. The addition of 30 ug/mL of quercetin to the antibiotic treatment reduced bacterial viability compared to treatment with the antibiotic alone.	Tested	35884183
CID:3467	CAS:1403-66-3	Gentamicin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 128-256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:3485	CAS:111-30-8	Glutaraldehyde	Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao; and Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent	China|Belgium	Purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co..	Evaluated for its biosecurity potential in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Its MIC ranged from 70 to 100 mg/L and its MBC ranged from 90 to 130 mg/L against the pathogens. In acute toxicity tests on juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), it had a 96-hour LC50 of 44.4 mg/L and a safe concentration of 4.44 mg/L, showing the lowest toxicity to juvenile shrimp among the tested disinfectants.	Tested	32720097
CID:3485	CAS:111-30-8	Glutaraldehyde	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia	USA	Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	The paper states it is not specifically recommended for food fish aquaculture and its disposal through a municipal sewer system may be restricted due to human health risks.	Not approved	USA		It was found to be an effective disinfectant in vitro against both E. ictaluri and E. tarda, eliminating detectable organisms quickly.	Actively Used	21413505
CID:3496	CAS:1071-83-6	Glyphosate	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin, Fallaviers, France)	"According to the toxicity categories established in the EU legislation, it is classified as ""harmful""."	No known regulations		Harmful	It is an herbicide (EC50,30min = 44.2 mg l-1) that showed higher toxicity in distilled water compared to seawater.	Actively Used	17292447
CID:35802	CAS:31430-15-6	Flubendazole	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. or Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. with high purity.	A common benzimidazole evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans in aquaculture to overcome traditional treatment drawbacks.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated highly potent anthelmintic activity and an excellent safety profile. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed a stable binding mode with the parasite's tubulin protein.	Tested	39992024
CID:3610	CAS:136-77-6	4-hexylresorcinol	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Synthetic compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	New synthetic alternatives are being investigated due to resistance and bans associated with currently used treatments like formalin and praziquantel.	No known regulations			It reached 100 percent mortality against S. chrysophrii rapidly, after 1 hour at the highest concentration (1 mM). It did not reduce SAF-1 cell viability significantly and showed significant bactericidal activity against V. harveyi.	Tested	34451443
CID:3641960	CAS:127-65-1	Chloramine-T	Laboratory of Bioelectronic Methods for Geoecological Monitoring, Saint Petersburg Research Center for Ecological Safety of RAS, Saint Petersburg; Department of Environmental Safety and Regional Sustainable Development, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg; and Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany	Russia	Not explicitly stated in the text	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a biocide commonly used in industry and aquaculture for combating parasitic diseases. It decomposes in water to paratoluene sulfonamide and sodium hypochlorite, releasing free chlorine which acts as the main irritant. The study evaluated its impact on the heart rate of adult male narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus). Short-term exposure was generally tolerated, but prolonged exposure to elevated levels was toxic and caused significant energy loss, highlighting the crayfish's potential as a biological monitor for water quality.	Actively Used	24819440
CID:3686	CAS:58186-27-9	Idebenone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated activity weaker than thymoquinone.	Tested	39837239
CID:37123	CAS:35367-38-5	Diflubenzuron	International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS), Randaberg; The Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo; Université du Québec à Rimouski, Québec; and Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester.	Norway|Canada|UK.	EWOS Releeze vet. medicated fish feed (EWOS, Bergen, Norway).	The increasing use of chemicals in aquaculture is raising concerns over the survival and well-being of populations of economically and ecologically important crustaceans.	No known regulations			It is a benzoylurea-type insecticide that acts as a chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI). It is used in salmon farms to treat salmon lice, which die during moulting after absorbing the drug. The study showed that a two-week exposure of Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) larvae to DFB medicated feed caused significantly increased mortality (66%). The mortality effect was additive when combined with Ocean Acidification and Warming (OAW) conditions, reaching 92%. Under these combined conditions, swimming and feeding activities were reduced, and no surviving larvae developed to stage IV.	Actively Used	29524742
CID:37123	CAS:35367-38-5	Diflubenzuron	National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen and Institute of Marine Research, Bergen	Norway	Aldrich (analytical grade) and as Releeze (feed pellets)	It has been approved for application in salmonids and has been given an EU maximum residue limit in fish products intended for human consumption.	Approved	EU		It is a benzamide insecticide and chitin synthesis inhibitor used against the ectoparasitic salmon louse. The study showed that it can be taken up by Atlantic cod but is rapidly cleared from the body, causing only minor effects on the expression of genes involved in detoxification pathways.	Actively Used	23836768
CID:37123	CAS:35367-38-5	Diflubenzuron	International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS), Randaberg; and The Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo	Norway	DFB-medicated salmon feed EWOS Releeze vet. (EWOS, Bergen, Norway)	It is used as an antiparasitic drug in salmon aquaculture, though its increasing use has prompted Norwegian authorities to request information regarding its impact on nontarget crustaceans.	Regulated	Norway		It is a benzoylurea-type insecticide that acts as a chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI). The study demonstrated that exposing ovigerous Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) to DFB-medicated feed resulted in high mortality rates (61-73%), with deaths primarily occurring during molting. Only 2-7% of the DFB-exposed shrimp molted successfully. Lethal effects were observed even after the consumption of very small amounts of the medicated feed.	Actively Used	28876214
CID:37542	CAS:36791-04-5	Ribavirin	College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Utilized as a known broad-spectrum antiviral drug and positive control in this study.	No known regulations			Used as a positive drug control. In vitro LC10 was greater than 250 mg/L, and in vivo LC10 was greater than 100 mg/L. It had an IC90 of 7.18 mg/L in vitro and 73.25 mg/L in vivo. It showed a stronger preventive effect (pre-infection) compared to amantadine. Treatment at 100 mg/L for 7 days increased the survival rate of NNV-infected grouper to 39 percent.	Tested	34962648
CID:37542	CAS:36791-04-5	Ribavirin	Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich	No specific governmental regulations regarding the use of this chemical are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug and nucleoside analogue. The study found it caused a dose-dependent reduction of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) RNA accumulation in vitro, inhibiting both viral transcription and replication. Proposed for potential applications to aquaculture, pending further research on delivery. 	Tested	17289304
CID:37542	CAS:36791-04-5	Ribavirin	Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu	Republic of Korea	Obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).	A synthetic antiviral drug used as a reference control to compare the efficacy and safety of the natural coumarin derivative umbelliferone.	No known regulations			Used in vitro as a reference control against Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). It showed lower cytotoxicity and a higher degree of cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition compared to umbelliferone. In vivo, it was administered in feed at 3 mg/kg bw/day, but both short- and long-term prophylactic administration of umbelliferone demonstrated higher survival rates in fish than ribavirin.	Tested	39009196
CID:37542	CAS:36791-04-5	Ribavirin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Analytical grade, purchased from Macklin Chemistry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Existing antiviral drugs are being screened as potential therapeutic agents to combat WSSV in crustacean aquaculture.	No known regulations			Screened against WSSV in P. clarkii. At a concentration of 50 mg/kg, it showed an inhibition rate of 72.83 percent, making it the second most effective antiviral agent tested in the study. Its safe concentration in crayfish was greater than 100 mg/kg.	Tested	34555435
CID:37542	CAS:36791-04-5	Ribavirin	Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok; and Interdisciplinary Genetic Engineering Program, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok	Thailand	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) as a 10 mg vial, catalog number R9644.	It is a synthetic nucleoside analog well known for its broad-spectrum antiviral effects against various DNA and RNA viruses. It is being investigated as a potential therapeutic agent to control Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) outbreaks because effective treatments and vaccines are currently lacking in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) using E-11 fish cells. At concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 ug/mL, it effectively inhibited viral replication, attenuated TiLV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) formation, and significantly improved cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. However, at a high concentration of 1000 ug/mL, it caused extensive cytotoxicity and significant cell death in the E-11 cells. Therefore, the 100 to 500 ug/mL range was recommended to safely study host-virus interactions.	Tested	34959571
CID:37542	CAS:36791-04-5	Ribavirin	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou	China|Singapore	Sigma, Cat no. R9466	It is known as a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, but no specific governmental usage regulations for aquaculture are explicitly mentioned.	No known regulations			It is a guanosine analogue and a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. The study found that it dose-dependently decreased SGIV entry and also inhibited SGIV replication in vitro.	Tested	29209860
CID:37542	CAS:36791-04-5	Ribavirin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; and College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is known as a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. In the study, it was used as a positive control material at a concentration of 20 µg/ml for the in vitro anti-grass carp reovirus (GCRV) assays.	Tested	28232195
CID:37542	CAS:36791-04-5	Ribavirin	Mirza Koochak Khan Higher Fisheries Centre, University of Jame-e Elmi- Karbordi, Rasht; Animal Science Department, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht; Centro Multidisciplinario de Bahia de Banderas, Escuela Nacional de Ingenieria Pesquera, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic; and Fishery Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan	Iran|Mexico	Carophyll Pink (10% astaxanthin, W/W), Hoffman-La Roche, Switzerland	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			"It is a carotenoid with potent antioxidant activity, sometimes referred to as ""super vitamin E"" because its activity is 100 times higher than that of alpha-tocopherol. The study demonstrated that dietary supplementation of astaxanthin increased the resistance of juvenile prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense) to thermal shock, ammonia toxicity, and oxygen reduction (hypoxia). Prawns fed diets containing higher amounts of astaxanthin showed longer time-to-lethargy and time-to-death periods during these physical and chemical stress treatments."	Actively Used	25796971
CID:37768	CAS:37517-28-5	Amikacin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 128 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:37768	CAS:37517-28-5	Amikacin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro via the disc diffusion method; the A. caviae strain was sensitive to it, with an inhibition zone size of 25.	Tested	32207876
CID:3806	CAS:481-39-0	Juglone	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Purchased from Bidepharm.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Synthesized as a derivative of plumbagin (by removing the R1 group) to explore the 1,4-naphthoquinone structure-activity relationship against Gyrodactylus parasites. In in vivo anthelmintic activity assays on goldfish, it exhibited a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 0.72 mg/L, a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 1.583 mg/L, and a Therapeutic Index (TI) of 2.198.	Tested	38522112
CID:38103	CAS:38821-53-3	Cefradine	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			The A. caviae isolate was classified as resistant to it, producing an inhibition zone size of 0.	Tested	32207876
CID:4004	CAS:121-75-5	Malathion	Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland; and Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig	UK	Sigma-Aldrich, UK (Pestanal/Fluka analytical standard purity)	It has been considered for anti-sea louse treatment but has not become available as a licensed veterinary product.	Not approved	UK		It is an organophosphate. The study evaluated its acute toxicity in D. magna. In binary mixture tests, its combination with azamethiphos showed less than additive effects at the levels, and its combination with deltamethrin was less than additive at all tested levels.	Tested	26401637
CID:4030	CAS:31431-39-7	Mebendazole	Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi and Institute of Freshwater Fisheries of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was used as a positive control in the study's in vivo efficacy tests and is noted to be widely used for the control of D. intermedius in practice.	Actively Used	21400114
CID:4030	CAS:31431-39-7	Mebendazole	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. or Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. with high purity.	A common benzimidazole evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans in aquaculture to overcome traditional treatment drawbacks.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated highly potent anthelmintic activity and an excellent safety profile. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed a stable binding mode with the parasite's tubulin protein.	Tested	39992024
CID:4030	CAS:31431-39-7	Mebendazole	Institute of Freshwater Fisheries of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang and Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Not explicitly stated in the text	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned, though the paper notes issues like environmental contamination and resistance associated with its frequent use.	No known regulations			It is an anthelmintic chemical frequently used in aquaculture practice for the control of Dactylogyrus. It was used as a positive control in the study's in vivo efficacy tests and showed lower activity compared to chelidonine.	Actively Used	21537985
CID:4030	CAS:31431-39-7	Mebendazole	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	A widely used commercial parasiticide, utilized in this study as a positive control to benchmark the anthelmintic activity of the tested analogues.	No known regulations			Tested in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii as a reference control to compare against the efficacy of the thymoquinone analogues.	Tested	39837239
CID:40326	CAS:52645-53-1	Permethrin	EcoNov Inc., Moncton, NB; Homarus Inc., Shediac, NB; Department of Biomedical Sciences and AVC Lobster Science Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE; and Huntsman Marine Science Centre, Saint Andrews, NB	Canada	Obtained as a commercially available technical grade formulation containing 38.4 percent of the active ingredient.	It is a type I pyrethroid found in over 230 products registered for use in Canada. It is widely used in agricultural and urban areas surrounded by wetlands for mosquito control, which places non-target coastal organisms at risk of exposure.	No known regulations			Evaluated for sublethal effects on post-larval stage IV American lobsters (Homarus americanus) exposed for 14 days to spiked sediment at nominal concentrations of 0, 3, 10, 33, and 100 ug/kg. It did not cause significant mortality, but it induced severe dose-dependent sublethal effects. Lobsters exposed to 100 ug/kg exhibited significantly delayed growth, characterized by an increased intermolt period and a decreased size increment (22 percent compared to 36 percent in controls). The specific growth rate was also significantly decreased at concentrations of 10 and 100 ug/kg. Furthermore, it caused severe morphological deformities, including missing or atrophied claws, separated carapaces, and ragged uropods. The incidence of these deformities affected 43 percent of lobsters at lower doses (3 to 33 ug/kg) and peaked at 71 percent in the 100 ug/kg group. The estimated EC50 for successful molting to stage VI was 25.1 ug/kg.	Actively Used	37215181
CID:4055	CAS:58-27-5	Menadione	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Synthesized according to Scheme S1.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Synthesized as a derivative of plumbagin (by removing the R2 group) to explore the 1,4-naphthoquinone structure-activity relationship against Gyrodactylus parasites. In in vivo anthelmintic activity assays on goldfish, it exhibited a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 0.341 mg/L, a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 1.194 mg/L, and a Therapeutic Index (TI) of 3.501.	Tested	38522112
CID:40585	CAS:52918-63-5	Deltamethrin	Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland; and Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig	UK	Sigma-Aldrich, UK (Pestanal/Fluka analytical standard purity)	It is a currently licensed sea louse treatment.	Registered	UK		It is a pyrethroid used as a bath treatment for controlling sea lice in salmon. It was found to be highly toxic to D. magna. Its binary mixture with cypermethrin demonstrated greater than additive effects, while its mixture with malathion showed less than additive toxicity.	Actively Used	26401637
CID:40585	CAS:52918-63-5	Deltamethrin	Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC	Canada	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON) with greater than 99 percent purity.	It is the active ingredient in AlphaMax, but its registration was not renewed in Canada after 2010.	Registered	Canada		It was the most toxic chemical tested on pink salmon fry. Acute 48-hour water exposure had an LC50 of 980 ng/L, and subchronic 10-day sediment exposure had an LC50 of 1035 ng/kg. Fish did not exhibit avoidance behavior at any tested concentration. It significantly decreased olfactory responsiveness at 500 ng/L after 48 hours. Swimming performance significantly decreased at 200 ng/L.	Tested	34628582
CID:40585	CAS:52918-63-5	Deltamethrin	NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Mekjarvik; The Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo; Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester; and Burridge Consulting Inc., Stratford PE	Norway	Formulated as Alpha Max. Analytical standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.	It is an anti-parasitic drug used in the aquaculture industry to treat salmon lice, which is subsequently discharged into the sea.	No known regulations			It is a neurotoxin that disrupts the sodium ion channel, resulting in paralysis. In Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) larvae exposed to a concentration of 2 (representing a 1000-fold dilution of the prescribed salmon treatment), it caused significantly increased mortality and reduced swimming activity. In post-exposure observations, mortality continued to increase regardless of food levels, and no larvae exposed to this chemical successfully completed development to stage II. The overriding toxicity of this chemical masked any potential added effects from food limitation.	Actively Used	32112997
CID:40585	CAS:52918-63-5	Deltamethrin	Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción	Chile	AlphaMax 	The extensive use of pyrethroids in the aquaculture industry has negatively impacted parasite sensitivity to their delousing effects. These chemicals are becoming resistant	No known regulations			It is a pyrethroid used as a chemical treatment for caligidosis (infection with Caligus rogercresseyi) in salmonid farming. Exposure to deltamethrin at 1, 2, and 3 ppb specifically responded at the transcriptomic level by differentially activating mRNA of the NOTCH signaling pathway and of ABC genes, components associated with drug resistance. The survival rate was found to be lower at 3 ppb DM, particularly inducing the death of all male sea lice.	Actively Used	27187362
CID:40585	CAS:52918-63-5	Deltamethrin	NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Randaberg; and The Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo	Norway	Tested as the commercial product Alpha Max (active ingredient deltamethrin).	It is a neurotoxic pesticide used in salmon aquaculture to control parasitic copepods, applied topically within fish nets or well boats, and directly discharged to sea, posing risks to non-target crustaceans.	No known regulations			Evaluated for effects on the swimming behavior and survival of adult Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis). At a measured concentration of 1 ng/L, it triggered an immediate increase in swimming activity followed by a decline, leaving all shrimp moribund or dead after 22 hours. At a lower nominal concentration of 0.2 ng/L, swimming activity increased but all shrimp survived. It showed a low accumulation potential with no residues detected in post-exposure tissue analysis.	Actively Used	34555744
CID:40585	CAS:52918-63-5	Deltamethrin	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin, Fallaviers, France)	"According to the toxicity categories established in the EU legislation, it could be considered ""non-harmful""."	No known regulations			It is a pesticide that caused 30% inhibition at concentrations up to 39.9 mg l-1.	Actively Used	17292447
CID:40854	CAS:53716-50-0	Oxfendazole	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. or Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. with high purity.	A common benzimidazole evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo for anthelmintic efficacy against Gyrodactylus kobayashii and for acute toxicity in goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:410087	CAS:25655-41-8	Povidone iodine	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia	USA	Western Chemical, Inc., Ferndale, Washington	The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a compound of low regulatory priority for use as a fish egg surface disinfectant.	Regulated	USA		It served as an effective disinfectant in vitro, reducing or eliminating detectable E. ictaluri and E. tarda populations rapidly.	Actively Used	21413505
CID:410087	CAS:25655-41-8	Povidone iodine	Hangzhou, China	China 	Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China	No specific governmental regulations mentioned for this individual chemical.	No known regulations			Actively used as a bactericidal/anti-viral water treatment agent. The study found it reduces innate immune parameters (THC, PO, SOD) and increases the hemocyte apoptosis rate.	Actively Used	30453045
CID:410087	CAS:25655-41-8	Povidone iodine	Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao; and Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent	China|Belgium	Purchased from Sangon Biotech Co..	It is commonly used as a surface disinfectant for aquatic animal eggs.	No known regulations			It exhibited a poor inhibitory effect on pathogenic Vibrio spp., with MIC ranging from 140 to 220 mg/L and MBC from 200 to 280 mg/L. However, it showed low toxicity to shrimp, presenting a 96-hour LC50 of 37.9 mg/L and a safe concentration of 3.79 mg/L.	Actively Used	32720097
CID:410087	CAS:25655-41-8	Povidone iodine	Department of Fisheries Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan; Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmehsara; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmehsara; Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade; and Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina	Iran	Purchased as Betadine (povidone-iodine solution 10 percent) from Darudarman Salafchegan Co., Tehran, Iran.	It is widely used as a chemical solution for the disinfection of aquaculture water and environments. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) ecotoxicity categories, Betadine is considered practically non-toxic for goldfish.	No known regulations			Evaluated for acute toxicity on fingerling Oranda goldfish (Carassius auratus) for 96 hours. The 24-hour LC50 of Betadine was 158.800 mg/L, with the highest mortality rate recorded at 240 mg/L. All mortalities occurred within the first 24 hours, reflecting the short half-life of iodine in the aquatic environment. Concentrations less than 100 mg/L did not cause mortality, and concentrations less than 60 mg/L did not induce significant gill damages. At lethal concentrations, Betadine led to hyperemia, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, secondary lamellar adhesion, hemorrhage, and necrosis of the gills. Fish exposed to lethal concentrations also displayed clinical signs such as fast swimming, anxiety, a tendency to swim near the surface, and skin darkening.	Actively Used	34816339
CID:42586	CAS:57837-19-1	Metalaxyl	National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; and Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai	China	Purchased from Guoyao Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China).	It is the world's most widely used acetylalanine fungicide, known to inhibit ribosomal RNA synthesis in mycelium. It is frequently used in aquaculture due to its significant inhibitory effect on fungi and safety for animals, making it a candidate to replace malachite green.	No known regulations			Showed efficacy against S. parasitica with an MIC of 5 mg/L and an MBC of 6 mg/L. Transcriptomic analysis revealed it downregulated 1416 genes and upregulated 1771 genes. It heavily impacted amino acid metabolism (including cysteine, methionine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and histidine) and glutathione metabolism. It inhibited protein synthesis, metabolism, neurotransmitter transport, and DNA synthesis, resulting in oxidative damage to the pathogen.	Tested	36140692
CID:42611257	CAS:918504-65-1	Vemurafenib	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Identified from a virtual library of FDA-approved drugs and purchased from commercial suppliers with high purity.	An FDA-approved drug investigated through computer-aided drug design as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans.	No known regulations			Identified via virtual screening, but demonstrated lower anthelmintic activity during in vivo evaluations in goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:4284	CAS:134-62-3	N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Synthetic compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	New synthetic alternatives are being investigated due to resistance and bans associated with currently used treatments like formalin and praziquantel.	No known regulations			It reached 100 percent mortality against S. chrysophrii rapidly, after 1 hour at the highest concentration (1 mM). It did not reduce SAF-1 cell viability significantly and showed significant bactericidal activity against V. harveyi.	Tested	34451443
CID:439246	CAS:480-41-1	Naringenin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Identified as a major constituent of the herbal medicine Typha angustifolia.	White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a serious pathogen threatening global crustacean aquaculture with no commercially available drugs. Herbal medicines offer a rich reserve for drug discovery.	No known regulations			It was discovered to have potent anti-WSSV activity in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).	Tested	34227114
CID:439246	CAS:480-41-1	Naringenin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Phytochemical compound assessed as part of a screen to identify safe and effective alternative agents for controlling Chilodonella uncinata infections.	"Investigated as a safe and environmentally friendly ""green medicine"" alternative to traditional chemical drugs and antibiotics for the treatment of chilodonellosis in aquaculture."	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo using an Artemia salina infection model to determine its anti-parasitic efficacy against Chilodonella uncinata. At a concentration of 10 mg/L over a 24-hour period, naringenin exhibited a maximum anti-parasite efficacy of 68%. While it showed some activity, it was not the most effective compound and was not selected for further mechanistic studies.	Tested	39395598
CID:439250	CAS:5989-54-8	(S)-(±)-Limonene	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated as (S)-(-)-Limonene in the study, it showed weak antibacterial activity with MIC values of 3342 or greater.	Tested	32119179
CID:439262	CAS:9041-22-9	β-glucan	Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao; and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Sigma (Beijing, China; Product Number: 1048288).	It is a natural polysaccharide compound (typically extracted from yeast or bacterial cell walls) known for its immune-modulating properties. It is investigated as a promising alternative strategy (immunostimulant) to combat bacterial infections and reduce the reliance on antibiotics in aquaculture, given the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.	No known regulations			Evaluated for its efficacy against Nocardia seriolae infection in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). When administered in feed at 200 mg/kg alone, it resulted in a 58 percent survival rate. However, when combined with Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) at 200 mg/kg, the survival rate significantly increased to 72 percent. The combined treatment (beta-glucan + APS) effectively cleared bacterial loads in tissues, alleviated granulomatous lesions, and significantly enhanced serum immune enzyme activities (TSOD, lysozyme) and the expression of immune genes (IL-1b, TNF-a, IFN-y, IgM) compared to individual immunostimulant or antibiotic treatments. Importantly, unlike the effective antibiotic enrofloxacin, this immunostimulant strategy did not induce bacterial resistance.	Tested	37894188
CID:439533	CAS:480-18-2	Dihydroquercetin	Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Giza; Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj; and Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia	Saudi Arabia|Spain	Extracted and isolated from the aerial parts of Cedrus deodara (deodar), which were purchased as dried material from a local market in Saudi Arabia.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a flavonoid compound, also known as taxifolin. The study showed that dietary supplementation with low doses of this compound (especially 0.1%) significantly enhanced both cellular (phagocytosis and respiratory burst) and humoral (complement, antiprotease, total protein, peroxidase, bactericidal activity, and IgM) immune parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). It is suggested as a promising immunostimulant compound for fish feed.	Tested	25530582
CID:440917	CAS:5989-27-5	(R)-(+)-Limonene	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Demonstrated weak antibacterial activity, exhibiting MIC values ranging from 1667 to 3334 across the different strains.	Tested	32119179
CID:440967	CAS:18172-67-3	(−)-βPinene	Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo	Japan	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against D. minutus, it exhibited more significant anthelmintic effects than α-Pinene, (+)-β-Pinene, Camphor, and Camphene, causing 100% mortality at 4 g/L in 49.6 minutes.	Tested	29080753
CID:441140	CAS:17090-79-8	Monensin	Nagasaki University and AVSS Corporation, Nagasaki	Japan	Wako, Osaka, Japan	The paper explicitly states that the agents discussed have not yet been approved for application in fish culture.	No known regulations			It is a carboxylic ionophore that inhibits acidification of endosomes. A concentration of 1 µM completely inhibited the CPE after 6 days of infection.	Tested	17891330
CID:441199	CAS:35607-66-0	Cefoxitin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:441306	CAS:56391-56-1	Netilmicin	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in the study to assess the ability of quercetin to modulate antibiotic resistance against A. hydrophila.	No known regulations			Screened in vitro against A. hydrophila. The addition of 30 ug/mL of quercetin to the antibiotic treatment reduced bacterial viability compared to treatment with the antibiotic alone.	Tested	35884183
CID:44187	CAS:62893-19-0	Cefoperazone	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Evaluated via disc diffusion; the A. caviae strain was highly resistant, producing an inhibition zone size of 0.	Tested	32207876
CID:44187	CAS:62893-19-0	Cefoperazone	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the study to assess the ability of quercetin to modulate antibiotic resistance against A. hydrophila.	No known regulations			Screened in vitro against A. hydrophila. The addition of 30 ug/mL of quercetin to the antibiotic treatment reduced bacterial viability compared to treatment with the antibiotic alone.	Tested	35884183
CID:4421	CAS:389-08-2	Nalidixic acid	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 128 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:442424	CAS:6902-77-8	Genipin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Extracted from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides.	The text notes that there are currently no commercial drugs available to control white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, but no specific governmental regulations regarding genipin are mentioned.	No known regulations			It is a bioactive compound evaluated for antiviral activity against WSSV in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In vitro tests showed it inhibited WSSV replication by over 99% when treated for 24 hours. In vivo tests proved it could effectively protect crayfish from WSSV and be used to treat and prevent the infection.	Tested	31374312
CID:442474	CAS:142449-87-4	Drupanin	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian green propolis, supplied by Apis Flora in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.	Investigated as a natural, environmentally friendly antibacterial compound to treat ESC and columnaris disease in channel catfish, aiming to replace conventional antibiotics and harsh chemicals.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri. Drupanin was one of the most active compounds from green propolis against F. covae. 	Tested	39387133
CID:443162	CAS:10482-56-1	α-Terpineol	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Showed moderate antibacterial activity against the A. salmonicida strains, with MIC values ranging from 500 to 2000.	Tested	32119179
CID:44446856		7-O-methylvestitol	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian red propolis, sourced from COAPER, Canavieiras, Bahia, Brazil.	Investigated as an environmentally benign antibacterial compound to treat bacterial infections (E. ictaluri and F. covae) in channel catfish aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri. It demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against F. covae. 	Tested	39387133
CID:444539	CAS:140-10-3	Trans-Cinnamic Acid	Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana	Turkey	Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO)	It is a naturally occurring aromatic acid that has low toxicity and is considered safe for human consumption.	No known regulations			The study investigated its antibacterial activity against 32 bacteria. It exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on the Gram-negative fish pathogen Aeromonas sobria, and a moderate inhibition of A. salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio crassostreae, and Yersinia ruckeri. The majority of nonpathogenic intestinal isolates were resistant, suggesting it does not harm beneficial flora. Its antimicrobial activity was more potent when the pH of the culture media was not neutralized.	Tested	30179290
CID:445154	CAS:501-36-0	Resveratrol	Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu; and Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an	China	Purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) with a purity ≥99%.	Evaluated as an alternative feed additive to counteract the deterioration of flesh quality in farmed Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) caused by confined aquaculture spaces and lack of exercise. It is a nonflavonoid polyphenol originally extracted from grape skins and leaves.	No known regulations			Administered via daily diet at 0.16 mg/kg for 45 days. Resveratrol significantly increased myofiber diameter, improved the nutritional profile (amino acid content), and enhanced muscular antioxidant capacity (increased CAT, LDH, SOD, and T-AOC activities, and decreased MDA). Transcriptome analysis showed down-regulation of ROS generation pathways (oxidative phosphorylation) and up-regulation of ROS scavenging genes (SOD1) and protein synthesis pathways (mTORC1/4E-BP1).	Tested	38789922
CID:445154	CAS:501-36-0	Resveratrol	Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela and Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, CSIC, Jaca	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a naturally occurring phytoalexin produced by plants with anti-parasitic properties. The study found it effective in killing P. dicentrarchi isolates in vitro, noting that it affects cell activities consistently across all isolates and targets the mitochondria. It is proposed as an environmentally acceptable alternative due to its very low toxicity to fish and mammals.	Tested	21987103
CID:446598	CAS:18323-44-9	Clindamycin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against the A. caviae strain, which exhibited complete resistance to it (inhibition zone size of 0).	Tested	32207876
CID:446598	CAS:18323-44-9	Clindamycin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 128 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:446598	CAS:18323-44-9	Clindamycin	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a lincosamide antibiotic used in the study to assess the ability of quercetin to modulate antibiotic resistance against A. hydrophila.	No known regulations			Screened in vitro against A. hydrophila. The addition of 30 ug/mL of quercetin to the antibiotic treatment reduced bacterial viability compared to treatment with the antibiotic alone.	Tested	35884183
CID:446598	CAS:18323-44-9	Clindamycin	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Tested using standard antibiotic sensitivity discs (Hangzhou Microbiological Reagent Co., Ltd.).	Used to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Nocardia seriolae to find effective treatments for fish nocardiosis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. The strain was highly sensitive (S) to clindamycin, producing an inhibitory zone of 22.00±2.16 mm.	Actively Used	38659458
CID:446925	CAS:502-65-8	Lycopene	College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang	China	Purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China) with a purity greater than 98 percent.	It is a fat-soluble member of the tetraterpenoids carotene family naturally found in red fruits and vegetables, characterized as a strong antioxidant. The neuroprotective roles of this natural compound make it a valuable agent being investigated as a potential candidate for alleviating environmental antibiotic stress in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a dietary supplement administered at 10 mg/kg fish weight for 30 days to grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) exposed to sulfamethoxazole stress. It attenuated SMZ-induced brain injury by rebuilding the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enhancing brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. It demonstrated potent anti-lipid peroxidation and antioxidant effects, restoring superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels while inhibiting malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-OHdG. It also decreased NF-kB/apoptosis cascades, restored Nrf2/autophagy levels, and reduced the expression of Bax and caspase-3.	Tested	35032680
CID:447043	CAS:83905-01-5	Azithromycin	Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza and State University of Ceará, Fortaleza	Brazil	Sigma Chemical Corporation; USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was evaluated in vitro against Vibrio species isolated from prawn hatcheries and digestive tracts. It presented MIC values ranging from 0.25 to 1 µg/mL against the tested strains.	Tested	26851782
CID:447043	CAS:83905-01-5	Azithromycin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:447043	CAS:83905-01-5	Azithromycin	Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing; National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing; National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing	China	Ouhe Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China)	The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning about the risk of QT interval prolongation and fatal ventricular arrhythmia associated with it.	Regulated	USA		It is a macrolide antibiotic (MAL) widely used for human and animal health. When zebrafish embryos were exposed to it, it induced a biphasic change in heart rate, causing evident tachycardia at 12.5 to 50 mg/L and bradycardia at 100 mg/L at 2 days post-fertilization (dpf).	Actively Used	30308910
CID:447043	CAS:83905-01-5	Azithromycin	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Tested using standard antibiotic sensitivity discs (Hangzhou Microbiological Reagent Co., Ltd.).	Used to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Nocardia seriolae to find effective treatments for fish nocardiosis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. The strain was highly sensitive (S) to azithromycin (15 µg/tablet), producing the largest inhibitory zone among the tested antibiotics at 38.67±0.94 mm.	Actively Used	38659458
CID:4471	CAS:50-65-7	Niclosamide	Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha	China	Obtained from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) with a purity greater than 99 percent	Declared as the only commercially available molluscicides by the World Health Organization (WHO) and widely used since 1972 to reduce schistosomiasis. It is also utilized as a veterinary anthelmintic and lampricide in agriculture and aquaculture. However, extensive utilization and resistance to hydrolysis have resulted in widespread environmental pollution, posing potential hazards to human health and nontarget aquatic organisms.	Regulated	WHO		Evaluated for chronic toxicity in juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) exposed to concentrations of 10 and 50 ug/L for 28 days. Exposure resulted in significantly reduced weight gain and dose-dependent accumulation in tissues, with the highest concentration found in the liver (up to 8.56 ug/g). NIC caused severe oxidative stress, marked by decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx) and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. It compromised barrier functions by downregulating tight-junction genes (ZO, CLAD, Occludin) in the gills and gut. Furthermore, it induced significant metabolic disorders by depleting energy reserves (ATP, glucose, glycogen, triglycerides), accelerating anaerobic glycolysis, and promoting fatty acid beta-oxidation while inhibiting lipid synthesis.	Actively Used	38137017
CID:4493	CAS:63612-50-0	Nilutamide	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Identified from a virtual library of FDA-approved drugs and purchased from commercial suppliers with high purity.	An FDA-approved drug investigated through computer-aided drug design as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans.	No known regulations			Identified via virtual screening, but demonstrated lower anthelmintic activity during in vivo evaluations in goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:4539	CAS:70458-96-7	Norfloxacin	Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of P. R. China, Xiamen; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, Zhejiang	China	Used as a positive control in the antimicrobial assays; commercial manufacturer is not explicitly stated in the text.	Utilized as a standard reference antibiotic to benchmark the antibacterial efficacy of the newly isolated marine compounds against pathogenic Vibrio species.	No known regulations			Tested as a positive control, it demonstrated an MIC of 2 ug/mL against V. scophthalmi, and 4 ug/mL against both V. shilonii and V. brasiliensis.	Tested	35194947
CID:4539	CAS:70458-96-7	Norfloxacin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			The A. caviae isolate was resistant to it in vitro, showing an inhibition zone size of 0.	Tested	32207876
CID:4539	CAS:70458-96-7	Norfloxacin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 128-256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:4539	CAS:70458-96-7	Norfloxacin	Hangzhou, China	China 	Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China	"General antibiotic regulation mentioned, no specificic names: only 13 antibiotics are authorized for application in Chinese aquaculture while 12 unauthorized ones are in use. Antibiotics are also noted to be ""gradually becoming banned from use in aquaculture systems""."	No known regulations			Actively used anti-bacterial drug. The study found it decreases immune parameters and significantly enhances hemocyte apoptosis and mortality in infected crayfish.	Actively Used	30453045
CID:4583	CAS:82419-36-1	Ofloxacin	School of Life and Health Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London	UK	Obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.	It is an antibiotic widely used in human and veterinary medicine, leading to its frequent detection as a pollutant in freshwater environments alongside other antibiotics.	No known regulations			It is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that exhibited a MIC of 125 ug/L against P. fluorescens at 30 C. Its potency increased drastically with temperature, showing an EC50 of 1502 ug/L at 15 C which decreased to 492 ug/L at 25 C. In mixtures with ciprofloxacin, even at sub-lethal concentrations, it demonstrated synergistic growth inhibition at lower temperatures and additive effects at optimal growth temperatures.	Actively Used	34947966
CID:4583	CAS:82419-36-1	Ofloxacin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:4583	CAS:82419-36-1	Ofloxacin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested via disc diffusion; the pathogen was completely resistant to it (inhibition zone size of 0).	Tested	32207876
CID:4622	CAS:20559-55-1	Oxibendazole	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. or Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. with high purity.	A common benzimidazole evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans in aquaculture to overcome traditional treatment drawbacks.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated strong anthelmintic efficacy and an excellent safety profile, making it a strong candidate for further investigation.	Tested	39992024
CID:4629	CAS:14698-29-4	Oxolinic acid	ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand	India	Purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA (Cat. No. 67126-100MG).	It is a quinolone antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections in fish farms. Due to concerns regarding antimicrobial residues causing antimicrobial resistance, food safety, and public health issues, there is a necessity to establish accurate dosage regimens, tissue residue levels, and withdrawal periods below the maximum residue limit (MRL).	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo for its single-dose pharmacokinetics in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) administered at 12 mg/kg via medicated feed. LC-MS/MS analysis showed the highest drug concentrations in the gill (4096.55 µg/kg) and intestine (11592.98 µg/kg). The liver and kidney were the most efficient at eliminating the drug. In vitro, it demonstrated strong antibacterial efficacy with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of 0.25 µg/mL against Shewanella xiamenensis, 1 µg/mL against Lactococcus garvieae, and 4 µg/mL against Chryseobacterium aquaticum.	Actively Used	39120127
CID:4629	CAS:14698-29-4	Oxolinic acid	Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo; and School of Pharmacy and Center for Integrative Microbial Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo	Norway	Sigma-Aldrich	It is widely used in aquaculture in many countries, but because it has the potential to cause bacterial cross-resistance to other quinolone antibiotics, it is used only in moderate amounts or even prohibited in many aquaculture settings.	Partially approved	Multiple countries		It is a hydrophilic substance that can up-regulate the transcript levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in fish. In the zebrafish model, a bath immersion with free oxolinic acid was the most promising therapy, providing full protection against F.n.o. infection and preventing embryo mortality. However, it was too hydrophilic to be efficiently encapsulated into PLGA nanoparticles, and when encapsulated into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC-OXA), it was not very effective against the infection.	Actively Used	28627489
CID:4629	CAS:14698-29-4	Oxolinic acid	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Ausburg, Germany)	"According to toxicity categories established in EU legislation (Directive 93/67/EEC), it is ""not classified"" (n.c.) as toxic effects were not observed at the maximum concentration tested."	No known regulations			It is an antibiotic that showed no toxic or inhibition effects at the maximum concentration tested (0.198 mg l-1).	Actively Used	17292447
CID:4650	CAS:106-51-4	1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated activity stronger than thymoquinone, but showed higher toxicity to the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:479503	CAS:517-89-5	Shikonin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	A key naphthoquinone from Lithospermum erythrorhizon roots, investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro and in vivo against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.9. It effectively inhibited myosin ATPase with an IC50 of 0.14 mM. In anthelmintic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 0.371 mg/L, a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 1.29 mg/L, and a Therapeutic Index (TI) of 3.486. Due to its superior activity and structure, it was selected as a lead compound for further structural optimization, leading to the discovery of 1,4-naphthoquinone.	Tested	38522112
CID:4891	CAS:55268-74-1	Praziquantel	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	A widely used commercial parasiticide, utilized in this study as a positive control to benchmark the anthelmintic activity of the tested analogues.	No known regulations			Tested in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii as a reference control. Nineteen of the tested thymoquinone analogues displayed higher anthelmintic properties than praziquantel in this study.	Tested	39837239
CID:4891	CAS:55268-74-1	Praziquantel	University of Stirling, Scotland, UK and Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.	Israel 	Not specified in the text.	The paper notes that previously used anti-parasitic compounds are no longer authorized for food fish, but does not state specific regulations for Praziquantel.	No known regulations			Actively used as the conventionally used chemical treatment for immersion. However, oral application is not commonly applied due to associated host toxicity, low palatability, and development of resistance.	Actively Used	25819871
CID:4891	CAS:55268-74-1	Praziquantel	Department of Veterinary Pathology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA	USA	Bimeda, Le Sueur, MN	There are no FDA-approved products labeled for the treatment of digenean trematodes in fish in the USA. Veterinarians can justify the use of praziquantel under the framework of the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA), provided a suitable withdrawal period is determined.	Approved	USA		It is used to treat cestodes and trematodes in various veterinary species and has a wide margin of safety. It is believed to disrupt calcium channels, leading to vacuolation and blebbing of the parasite's tegument and subsequent immune-mediated clearance. The study demonstrated that a single 5 mg/kg intramuscular injection effectively killed Posthodiplostomum minimum metacercariae in bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus), though parasite death was not evident until 7 days post-treatment.	Actively Used	29264719
CID:4891	CAS:55268-74-1	Praziquantel	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. or Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. with high purity.	A widely used anthelmintic in aquaculture for the control of cestodes and acanthocephalans.	No known regulations			Tested in vivo as a reference compound. It exhibited relatively lower efficacy against Gyrodactylus kobayashii in this study but maintained a highly favorable safety margin.	Actively Used	39992024
CID:4891	CAS:55268-74-1	Praziquantel	School of Allied Health, Division of Pharmacy Department, University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Fremantle; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth; and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth	Australia	Purchased from TNN Development Limited (Dalian, China).	It is a highly efficacious anthelmintic agent used to treat monogenean parasitic infestations in finfish. However, its practical application as an in-feed treatment for commercial aquaculture is severely constrained by its bitter taste, which causes palatability issues.	No known regulations			Evaluated to improve its palatability and efficacy in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) by encapsulating the drug into beads (1 to 4 mm) using marine-based polymers (alginate, chitosan, and agar) along with allicin powder as a flavouring agent. Formulations using alginate-chitosan (Formulation B) and agar (Formulation C) as carriers resulted in high feed consumption rates (99 to 100 percent) and were highly digestible with no intact beads found in the gastrointestinal tract 3 hours post-feeding. In fish infected with Zeuxapta gill parasites, these formulated feeds achieved significant parasite reduction (93 and 94 percent, respectively) compared to the unmedicated control, outperforming pure praziquantel powder which only achieved a 73 percent reduction due to poor feed intake. Both effective formulations demonstrated high stability, retaining over 90 percent of their residual drug content when stored at ambient temperature for up to 18 months.	Actively Used	35621974
CID:49800004	CAS:1404-26-8	Polymyxin B	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a polymyxin antibiotic used in the study to assess the ability of quercetin to modulate antibiotic resistance against A. hydrophila.	No known regulations			Screened in vitro against A. hydrophila. The addition of 30 ug/mL of quercetin to the antibiotic treatment reduced bacterial viability compared to treatment with the antibiotic alone.	Tested	35884183
CID:500902		2'-C-methylcytidine	Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a nucleoside analog known to inhibit viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerases. Because there are currently no commercially available vaccines or antiviral drugs to treat Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in China, it is being investigated as a highly valuable anti-IPNV drug candidate to prevent transmission and reduce economic losses in salmon and trout farming.	No known regulations			Evaluated against IPNV in vitro using CHSE-214 cells and in vivo in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In vitro, the 50 percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 1.374 micromolar, with a cytotoxic concentration (CC50) greater than 50 micromolar, indicating potent antiviral activity without cytotoxicity. Time-of-addition assays showed that it significantly inhibited IPNV infection whether administered pre-infection, co-infection, or post-infection. Mechanistically, it was shown to block viral RNA replication (reducing viral RNA expression by 4.61-fold at 4 hours) without affecting viral attachment to the cell surface or internalization. In vivo, administering the drug via diet at 10 and 50 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced viral loads and titers in the liver, spleen, and head kidney over a 14-day period, demonstrating its ability to inhibit IPNV proliferation in rainbow trout.	Tested	37758098
CID:50248	CAS:68786-66-3	Triclabendazole	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. or Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. with high purity.	A common benzimidazole evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo for anthelmintic efficacy against Gyrodactylus kobayashii and for acute toxicity in goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:5154	CAS:5578-73-4	Sanguinarine	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Chengdu Must Bio-Technology CO., LTD (Chengdu, China) with a purity of 98 percent (CAS No. 5578-73-4).	It is a natural compound isolated from Macleaya cordata with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, immunity enhancement, and insecticidal effects. It is investigated as a novel anti-virulence strategy to combat antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila.	No known regulations			It inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila XS-91-4-1 at concentrations higher than 16 ug/mL. At sub-inhibitory concentrations (0.5 to 8 ug/mL), it significantly inhibited aerolysin production and biofilm formation by disrupting the quorum sensing system, evident by the down-regulation of aerA, ahyl, and ahyR genes. In vitro, it protected A549 cells from aerolysin-induced cell injury. In vivo, an oral dose of 20 mg/kg significantly reduced the mortality of channel catfish infected with A. hydrophila from 100 percent to 40 percent.	Tested	35335647
CID:516875	CAS:7722-64-7	Potassium permanganate	Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao; and Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent	China|Belgium	Purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co..	Often used to disinfect tanks and equipment in aquaculture.	No known regulations			It proved to have the weakest disinfection efficacy in the study, with an MIC ranging from 220 to 280 mg/L and an MBC from 280 to 340 mg/L against the tested Vibrio isolates.	Actively Used	32720097
CID:516875	CAS:7722-64-7	Potassium permanganate	Pathology Department, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, and Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura; and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville	Egypt	Not explicitly stated in the text.	It is a commonly used chemical in aquaculture to treat infections, but its overuse can result in unintentional sublethal toxicity.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a bath treatment in Nile tilapia, fish growth was negatively associated with the applied dose. It acted as a gastrointestinal irritant, inducing intestinal epithelium proliferation and villous branching. Despite these negative effects on growth and intestinal histology, it decreased levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress markers and enhanced antioxidant status in multiple organs.	Actively Used	32829475
CID:516875	CAS:7722-64-7	Potassium permanganate	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Obtained from Cinetica Quimica, Brazil.	Widely used as a disinfectant in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated against A. hydrophila, it showed an MIC of 1.8750 g/L. It could not be classified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic because the MBC result was not defined (MBC was greater than 3.75 g/L).	Actively Used	32966864
CID:516875	CAS:7722-64-7	Potassium permanganate	Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka	Japan	Wako Pure Chemical	The paper does not mention specific governmental regulations; it only notes that it is widely used in aquaculture/aquatic systems.	No known regulations			It is a strong oxidising agent used as an anti-ectoparasitic chemical. The study found that exposure (40 ppm for 45 min) resulted in significantly lower CRP levels than normal at 14 days after exposure.	Actively Used	15110333
CID:517121	CAS:2893-78-9	Sodium dichloroisocyanurate	Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao; and Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent	China|Belgium	Obtained from Aladdin Chemistry Co..	Evaluated for its disinfection efficacy against aquaculture pathogens.	No known regulations			It displayed an MIC range of 70 to 110 mg/L and an MBC range of 90 to 140 mg/L. It had the second strongest inhibitory effect among the four chlorine disinfectants evaluated.	Tested	32720097
CID:5213	CAS:65666-07-1	Silymarin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -8.224. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 7.534 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 26.241 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:5215	CAS:68-35-9	Sulfadiazine	Universidad de Cadiz, Puerto Real; Instituto Español de Oceanografía, A Coruña; and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, St. Louis, USA	According to REACH regulations (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals), a substance is considered persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) based on its half-life and bioaccumulation factor.	No known regulations		REACH PBT substance	It is an antibiotic and was one of the most toxic tested for the sea urchin species, although other freshwater species exhibited even greater sensitivity to it.	Actively Used	22562751
CID:5215	CAS:68-35-9	Sulfadiazine	Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao; and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan	China	Purchased in Beijing, China (CAS Number: 68-35-9).	It is a conventional antibiotic that has historically exhibited antibacterial activity against various aquatic pathogens. However, the study utilized it as an example of an antibiotic to which the target pathogen has developed resistance, highlighting the problem of antibiotic abuse in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Included as an antibiotic control in the study against Nocardia seriolae. Preliminary drug sensitivity testing showed the pathogen was resistant to it (0 mm zone of inhibition at 300 ug). When administered in feed at 15 mg/kg for 14 days, the survival rate of the infected largemouth bass was only 52 percent, which was significantly lower than the effective treatments. Post-experiment plate assays confirmed that the bacteria isolated from these fish remained resistant to sulfadiazine.	Tested	37894188
CID:5216	CAS:122-34-9	Simazine	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin, Fallaviers, France)	"According to toxicity categories established in EU legislation (Directive 93/67/EEC), it is ""not classified"" (n.c.) because it has no toxic effects at the concentration tested."	No known regulations			It is an herbicide that showed no toxic effects on V. fischeri at the concentration tested (up to 10 mg l-1).	Actively Used	17292447
CID:5234	CAS:7647-14-5	Sodium chloride	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Obtained from Dinamica, Brazil.	It is considered less harmful than other chemical compounds and is recommended as a potential cleaning agent for fish farming equipment.	No known regulations			It showed good antibacterial activity, exhibiting a bactericidal effect against A. hydrophila with an MIC of 75.0 g/L and an MBC of 75.0 g/L.	Actively Used	32966864
CID:5240	CAS:64-69-7	Iodoacetic acid	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Not explicitly stated in the text.	It is a toxic and corrosive disinfection by-product; studies are evaluating whether subtoxic doses in water represent a carcinogenic risk.	No known regulations			It was more effective in water than in agar, with an MLC of 50-100 ppm compared to an MIC of 100-250 ppm. It inhibited aerial mycelium on agar at concentrations of 10 ppm.	Tested	30536642
CID:5273569	CAS:574-84-5	Fraxetin	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou	China	Purchased from Sichuan Vicky Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China) (CAS No. 574-84-5) with a purity of 98%. Dissolved in DMSO for in vitro studies and 0.5% DMSO for animal studies.	It is a coumarin derivative isolated from Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Due to the occurrence of antibiotic resistance and residues in aquatic products, fraxetin is being investigated as a novel anti-virulence drug targeting the bacterial Sortase A (SrtA) enzyme to treat Streptococcus agalactiae infections in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro and in vivo against Streptococcus agalactiae. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was >256 ug/mL, indicating it does not directly kill the bacteria. However, it dose-dependently inhibited the activity of the virulence-anchoring enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) at concentrations of 4-32 ug/mL. By inhibiting SrtA, it significantly reduced the bacteria's ability to anchor surface proteins (like Srr1), bind to fibronectin, and adhere to host cells. In vivo, oral administration of 50 mg/kg significantly reduced the mortality of Nile tilapia infected with S. agalactiae (from 90% mortality in the control down to 43.33% in the treated group).	Tested	38731341
CID:5280343	CAS:117-39-5	Quercetin	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a widely distributed plant flavonoid present in fruits and edible plants, possessing anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects with a high safety index. It is being investigated as an antibiotic adjuvant and natural compound to suppress or reverse multidrug resistance in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Alone, it exhibited weak antimicrobial activity against A. hydrophila with an MIC of 360 ug/mL. When screened across 11 different antibiotics, its addition (at 30 ug/mL) consistently decreased bacterial viability by 2.20 to 34.80-fold compared to the antibiotics alone. It demonstrated a highly synergistic effect with florfenicol (fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.28), reducing florfenicol's MIC from 2.5 ug/mL to 0.078 ug/mL. In vivo, administering 10 mg/kg of quercetin alongside florfenicol significantly lowered bacterial loads in fish tissues and dramatically improved the survival rate of infected common carp to 90 percent.	Tested	35884183
CID:5280343	CAS:117-39-5	Quercetin	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Stock solutions prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the compound in 1 mL of DMSO solution.	Investigated as a safe, plant-derived alternative (phytochemical) to antibiotics for managing nocardiosis infections, given concerns over rising antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. At a dose of 0.5 mg, it produced an inhibitory zone of 8.33±0.56 mm.	Tested	38659458
CID:5280343	CAS:117-39-5	Quercetin	Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang; School of Marine Science and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning; and College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou	China	Isolated from the medicinal plant Illicium verum Hook. f. with greater than 98% purity.	Illicium verum is a well-known medicinal plant with numerous biological activities and low toxicity, making it a promising source of therapeutic drugs for aquaculture.	No known regulations			It exhibited no cytotoxic effects on grouper spleen (GS) cells at a safe working concentration of 50 ug/ml. It effectively inhibited Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection in a dose-dependent manner. It caused direct damage to SGIV particles. Mechanistically, it interfered with SGIV binding to targets on host cells by 76.14%, disturbed SGIV invading into host cells by 56.03%, and affected SGIV replication in host cells by 52.73%. It had the best antiviral effects during the binding stage of the virus life cycle.	Tested	33178170
CID:5280440	CAS:1401-69-0	Tylosin	Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing; National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing; National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing	China	Ouhe Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China)	Great caution should be taken due to the huge consumption of MALs for food animal production.	No known regulations			It is a macrolide antibiotic. In zebrafish embryos at 2 dpf, exposure to tylosin caused a biphasic change in heart rate, resulting in tachycardia at concentrations from 3.13 to 12.5 mg/L and bradycardia at 50 mg/L.	Actively Used	30308910
CID:5280442	CAS:480-44-4	Acacetin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Phytochemical compound assessed as part of a screen to identify safe and effective alternative agents for controlling Chilodonella uncinata infections.	"Investigated as a safe and environmentally friendly ""green medicine"" alternative to traditional chemical drugs and antibiotics for the treatment of chilodonellosis in aquaculture."	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo using an Artemia salina infection model to determine its anti-parasitic efficacy against Chilodonella uncinata. At a concentration of 10 mg/L over a 24-hour period, acacetin exhibited a maximum anti-parasite efficacy of 18%. It was not considered highly effective in this assay.	Tested	39395598
CID:5280445	CAS:491-70-3	Luteolin	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing	China	Obtained from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China) and dissolved in DMSO.	No regulations mentioned	No known regulations			It exhibited a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) greater than 256 ug/mL against Aeromonas hydrophila, showing no direct influence on bacterial growth at experimental concentrations. However, it significantly reduced aerolysin-induced hemolysis by binding to the AerA protein (primarily at Asp7 and Asp311) and hindering the formation of functional heptamers. In vivo, treating infected channel catfish with 50 mg/mL luteolin increased the survival rate from 10 percent to 80 percent and alleviated severe renal injuries.	Tested	33372840
CID:5280536	CAS:458-36-6	Coniferyl aldehyde	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Phytochemical compound assessed as part of a screen to identify safe and effective alternative agents for controlling Chilodonella uncinata infections.	"Investigated as a safe and environmentally friendly ""green medicine"" alternative to traditional chemical drugs and antibiotics for the treatment of chilodonellosis in aquaculture."	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo using an Artemia salina infection model to determine its anti-parasitic efficacy against Chilodonella uncinata. At a concentration of 10 mg/L over a 24-hour period, coniferyl aldehyde exhibited a maximum anti-parasite efficacy of 57%.	Tested	39395598
CID:5280723	CAS:745-65-3	Alprostadil	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.14. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 16.247 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 30.482 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:5280804	CAS:482-35-9	Quercetin-3-O-glucoside	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Stock solutions prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the compound in 1 mL of DMSO solution.	Investigated as a safe, plant-derived alternative (phytochemical) to antibiotics for managing nocardiosis infections, given concerns over rising antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. At a dose of 0.5 mg, it produced an inhibitory zone of 9.83±0.29 mm.	Tested	38659458
CID:5280805	CAS:153-18-4	Rutin	Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna; Department of Chemistry and Helwan Nanotechnology Center, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo	Austria|Egypt	Extracted from dried ground leaves of Ruta graveneoles using 70 percent ethanol, obtained from the library of the Natural Product Lab, Helwan University.	It is a natural flavonoid glycosidic compound found in many plants, known for its diverse biological activities including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antibacterial effects, making it a safe alternative.	No known regulations			It exhibited a dose-dependent antibacterial response with an MIC of 1024 ug/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 2048 ug/mL against both A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens. It demonstrated high safety and no significant cytotoxicity when tested on EPC fish cell lines at its MIC dose, with cell viability remaining above 90 percent. Combined with silver nanoparticles, it showed an additive/synergistic antibacterial effect.	Tested	33429926
CID:5280863	CAS:520-18-3	Kaempferol	Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing	China	Purchased directly from commercial companies and dissolved in DMSO	It is a flavonoid polyphenol compound from medicinal plants. Due to the lack of licensed prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic drugs for certain aquatic viruses, it is being investigated as a safe and potent natural antiviral candidate to replace or reduce the use of restricted chemicals and antibiotics in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated against Channel Catfish Virus (CCV) using CCO cell models. It exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect among 12 tested natural compounds with a 99.9% inhibitory rate, comparable to the positive control acyclovir. It significantly decreased viral gene transcription (ORF 39 and 59) and protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, it was shown to block the viral entry process by preventing both the attachment and internalization/penetration of the virus into host cells.	Tested	38111732
CID:5280961	CAS:446-72-0	Genistein	University of Maine, Orono, ME and University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI	USA	Steraloids, Inc., Newport, RI (for the fish feed supplement) and Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO (for analytical standards)	No specific governmental regulations regarding the use of this chemical are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is the primary isoflavone in soybean. The study found it is deposited into the muscle tissue of rainbow trout and significantly reduces lipid oxidation during refrigerated storage without negatively affecting flavor, color, or proximate composition.	Tested	15853412
CID:5280961	CAS:446-72-0	Genistein	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou	China	Purchased from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China) with 99.5 percent purity.	It is an isoflavone compound isolated from leguminous plants like soybean, recognized in aquaculture as an additive to improve body function, and explored as a natural anti-virulence agent to combat antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			It did not inhibit the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila, exhibiting a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) greater than 512 ug/ml. However, it significantly decreased the production of the virulence factor aerolysin and inhibited biofilm formation by disrupting the quorum sensing system (down-regulating aerA, ahyl, and ahyR genes). In vivo, a 20 mg/kg dose provided significant protection to channel catfish infected with A. hydrophila, improving the survival rate to 75 percent.	Tested	34650438
CID:5281224	CAS:472-61-7	Astaxanthin	Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona	Italy	Natural astaxanthin obtained commercially and microencapsulated by a company in Italy	Microplastic contamination in aquafeed poses a significant risk to fish health, and astaxanthin is a natural antioxidant evaluated here for its ability to counteract microplastic-induced oxidative stress and reduce contaminant bioavailability	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo in rainbow trout fry fed a diet contaminated with microplastics. The microencapsulated astaxanthin formulation successfully mitigated oxidative stress in the liver by normalizing the expression of antioxidant genes. Furthermore, the specific starch-based wall of the microcapsules promoted the coagulation of the microplastics in the acidic environment of the fish stomach, which significantly reduced intestinal absorption and translocation to other organs. The treatment showed no adverse effects on overall fish growth or intestinal health.	Actively Used	40218413
CID:5281224	CAS:472-61-7	Astaxanthin	Mirza Koochak Khan Higher Fisheries Centre, University of Jame-e Elmi- Karbordi, Rasht; Animal Science Department, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht; Centro Multidisciplinario de Bahia de Banderas, Escuela Nacional de Ingenieria Pesquera, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic; and Fishery Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan	Iran|Mexico	Carophyll Pink (10% astaxanthin, W/W), Hoffman-La Roche, Switzerland	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			"It is a carotenoid with potent antioxidant activity, sometimes referred to as ""super vitamin E"" because its activity is 100 times higher than that of alpha-tocopherol. The study demonstrated that dietary supplementation of astaxanthin increased the resistance of juvenile prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense) to thermal shock, ammonia toxicity, and oxygen reduction (hypoxia). Prawns fed diets containing higher amounts of astaxanthin showed longer time-to-lethargy and time-to-death periods during these physical and chemical stress treatments."	Actively Used	25720170
CID:5281224	CAS:472-61-7	Astaxanthin	Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung; and Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung	Taiwan	Commercially available Carophyll Pink (CP) and Lucantin Pink (LP) with 10 percent AST content were purchased from DSM Nutrition (Tokyo, Japan) and BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany), respectively. Dried powder of K. marxianus-produced AST fermented broth (TB) and its extract (TE) were obtained from Trade Wind Biotech Co. Ltd. (Taipei, Taiwan).	It is a super antioxidant with coloring and medical properties used as a feed additive. Chemically derived AST is commonly used, but its synthetic forms may be toxic to humans and its production may cause environmental pollution. Thus, the study investigates metabolic-engineered yeast (Kluyveromyces marxianus) to produce sustainable, affordable, and safe 3S, 3'S-AST.	No known regulations			Evaluated in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) diets at 100 and 200 mg/kg concentrations. Shrimps fed AST-supplemented diets, particularly the yeast-derived TB100, TB200, and TE200, exhibited significantly increased red coloration (a* values) by week 4. AST administration enhanced immune parameters, elevating phagocytosis activity, superoxide-anion production, and phenoloxidase activity, with higher responses observed on days 7 and 14. It significantly upregulated antioxidant genes (SOD and GPx) and antimicrobial peptide genes (penaeidins, ALF, and lysozyme). When challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, AST-fed shrimp showed higher survival rates (especially TB100) at 168 hours compared to the control group. Overall, the yeast-derived 3S, 3'S-AST exhibited higher performance than the synthetic chemical AST.	Actively Used	36755087
CID:5281255	CAS:20784-50-3	Isobavachalcone	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Chengdu Mansite Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China) (CAS No. 20784-50-3) and dissolved in ethanol.	It is a chalcone-subclass flavonoid identified as the highly active constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine Psoralea corylifolia. It is investigated as a potent natural alternative to conventional chemical treatments for ciliate infections in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Showed the strongest in vitro parasiticidal activity among the identified flavonoids, with a minimum parasiticidal concentration of 3.125 mg/L within 2 hours against Tetrahymena piriformis. In acute toxicity tests on guppies, the 48-hour median lethal concentration (LC50) was 46.18 mg/L. In vivo tests showed strong therapeutic efficacy, with a 24-hour median effective concentration (EC50) of 1.916 mg/L, significantly reducing parasite burden and improving the survival of infected guppies. The concentration causing death within 24 hours (75 mg/L) is 39 times higher than the 24-hour EC50, indicating a wide safety margin.	Tested	38518713
CID:5281303	CAS:11141-17-6	Azadirachtin	Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul	Brazil	Commercial formulation Neenmax (manufactured by Insetimax, Brazil), a neem oil-based preparation	In Brazil, it is classified as a highly toxic compound (ANVISA, 2006). The Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency has also defined a safe level for aquatic organisms.	Regulated	Canada		It is a biopesticide extracted from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica). It acts structurally similar to the hormone ecdysone, impairing insect metamorphosis. In carp (Cyprinus carpio), acute exposure increased the distance traveled and absolute turn angle, while decreasing time spent immobile. Hematological parameters such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, hematimetrics index, and red cell distribution were decreased, indicating potential toxicity and possible anemia.	Actively Used	25847134
CID:5281426	CAS:93-35-6	7-hydroxycoumarin	Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu	Republic of Korea	Obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA) and dissolved in DMSO.	Also known as umbelliferone, it is a naturally occurring coumarin derivative found in plants like celery, cumin, and citrus fruits. It is investigated as a stable, cost-effective, and easily administrable antiviral agent (via medicated feed) to prevent Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) outbreaks in olive flounder, a disease that threatens global aquaculture and is listed as a notifiable pathogen by the World Organization for Animal Health.	No known regulations			Evaluated computationally, in vitro (FHM cells), and in vivo (olive flounder). In vitro, it exhibited an EC50 of 100 μg/mL against VHSV, with excellent direct virucidal activity (97% plaque reduction after 1-h incubation). In vivo, prophylactic administration via short-term medicated feed at 100 mg/kg bw/day resulted in a 56% relative percent survival (RPS) and significantly delayed mortality. It modulated the innate immune response by upregulating TLR2, MDA5, NF-kB, IL-8, IFN II, and ISG15, while inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and virus-induced apoptosis (Caspase 3).	Tested	39009196
CID:5281600	CAS:1617-53-4	Amentoflavone	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing	China	Purchased from Sichuan Victory Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China)	Investigated as a novel, plant-derived anti-infective drug candidate (phytomedicine) to target virulence factors (aerolysin) of the opportunistic pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila in freshwater aquaculture, aiming to overcome the limitations of antibiotic resistance and residue accumulation.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against aerolysin (AerA), the main virulence factor of A. hydrophila, and in vivo using a channel catfish infection model. Amentoflavone (AMF) lacked direct antibacterial activity (MIC = 512 µg/mL) but effectively neutralized the hemolytic and pore-forming activity of AerA at low concentrations (0.5–4 µg/mL) by directly binding to Domain 3 (Pro333 and Trp375 residues) and preventing oligomerization. AMF protected A549 cells from AerA-mediated cytotoxicity. In vivo, administering 20 mg/kg AMF every 12 hours for 3 days to channel catfish infected with A. hydrophila increased the survival rate by 35% compared to the positive control.	Tested	40076989
CID:5281607	CAS:480-40-0	Chrysin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Phytochemical compound assessed as part of a screen to identify safe and effective alternative agents for controlling Chilodonella uncinata infections.	"Investigated as a safe and environmentally friendly ""green medicine"" alternative to traditional chemical drugs and antibiotics for the treatment of chilodonellosis in aquaculture."	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo using an Artemia salina infection model to determine its anti-parasitic efficacy against Chilodonella uncinata. At a concentration of 10 mg/L over a 24-hour period, chrysin exhibited a significant maximum anti-parasite efficacy of 78%. Despite showing strong activity, it was outperformed by curcumin in the initial screening.	Tested	39395598
CID:5281613	CAS:520-27-4	Diosmin	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Identified from a virtual library of FDA-approved drugs and purchased from commercial suppliers with high purity.	An FDA-approved drug investigated through computer-aided drug design as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans.	No known regulations			Identified via virtual screening, but demonstrated lower anthelmintic activity during in vivo evaluations in goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:5281647	CAS:4773-96-0	Mangiferin	Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Xianyou County, Putian; Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan; and Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.	Like taurine, it is a known antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties being investigated as a broad-spectrum antiviral for the aquaculture industry to target and dampen viral-induced inflammation.	No known regulations			Evaluated against MSRV in MSBr cells. It inhibited the transcription of MSRV-G by 93.91 percent at 100 ug/mL, showing an EC50 of 6.77 ug/mL. It effectively blunted the MSRV-induced spikes in pro-inflammatory cytokines back to baseline levels. It significantly decreased intracellular ROS accumulation (which had increased by over 2.41-fold due to infection) and decreased oxidative damage indicators. It suppressed the MSRV-induced inflammatory response via the NF-kB pathway by decreasing NF-kB1 and NF-kB2 promoter activities and suppressing the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated NF-kB (p65).	Tested	37255471
CID:5281650	CAS:6147-11-1	α-Mangostin	U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Center for Natural Products Research, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from the ethyl acetate/methanol extract of mangosteen pericarp, prepared from fresh fruits purchased at a grocery store in Memphis, Tennessee.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned, but the study notes the need for environmentally benign alternatives to currently used chemicals.	No known regulations			It is the major xanthone constituent of the active extract. It showed moderate antibacterial activity against F. columnare.	Tested	29635710
CID:5281666	CAS:491-54-3	Kaempferide	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian green propolis, supplied by Apis Flora in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.	Investigated as a natural, environmentally friendly antibacterial compound to treat ESC and columnaris disease in channel catfish, aiming to replace conventional antibiotics and harsh chemicals.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri. Against F. covae. 	Tested	39387133
CID:5281667	CAS:75629-19-5	Kuwanon-G	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Purified from white mulberry (Morus alba) using a bioassay-guided isolation method.	Investigated as a natural, biodegradable alternative to highly toxic chemical chemotherapeutics.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against adult N. girellae, it caused 100 percent mortality after 8 hours at concentrations greater than or equal to 125 mg/L. The 8-hour LC50 was 58.8 mg/L, proving to be highly effective compared to other tested compounds.	Tested	33905159
CID:5281718	CAS:27208-80-6	Polydatin	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou; and Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing	China	Obtained as a commercial product from Sichuan Weikeqi biological technology Co., LTD with a purity of 98 percent (CAS No. 27208-8006).	It is a natural compound belonging to the stilbenes family, derived from Polygonum cuspidatum. It exhibits various biological activities, including cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and anti-inflammation. It is investigated as an anti-virulence agent to control Aeromonas hydrophila infections without applying the strong selective pressure associated with traditional antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated against the resistant Aeromonas hydrophila strain XS-91-4-1. While it did not inhibit bacterial growth (minimum inhibitory concentration was 512 ug/mL), it acted as a potent anti-virulence agent. At sub-inhibitory concentrations (1 to 8 ug/mL), it significantly reduced aerolysin-mediated hemolysis in a dose-dependent manner (down to 22.46 percent at 8 ug/mL) by downregulating the aerolysin encoding gene, aerA, by up to 9.51-fold. In vitro, it protected A549 alveolar carcinoma cells from aerolysin-induced injury. In vivo, treating infected channel catfish with 20 mg/kg of polydatin significantly improved the 8-day survival rate to 56.67 percent, compared to 0 percent in the untreated positive control group.	Tested	35909695
CID:5281806	CAS:18642-23-4	Psoralidin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Isolated from the methanol extract of Psoralea corylifolia dried fruits, which were purchased from Xi'an Wanshou Chinese Medicinal Herbs Market.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It showed strong antiprotozoal efficacy, killing all theronts at 0.8 mg/L within 4 h and terminating reproduction of encysted tomonts at 1.2 mg/L. In vivo, a 5 h exposure at 2.5 mg/L significantly reduced theront release and induced apoptosis in protomonts. It is proposed as a potential lead compound for commercial drug development against I. multifiliis.	Tested	26042195
CID:5281915	CAS:303-98-0	Ubiquinone-10	Cawthron Institute, Nelson; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland; and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland	New Zealand	Sigma-Aldrich	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a natural chemical compound identified as an inhibitor of metamorphosis in ascidian larvae. The study found it had no detectable negative effects on the survival, growth, or condition of adult P. canaliculus. It enhanced Complex I-mediated respiration, reflecting its fundamental role in the electron transport system. It is considered a promising candidate for use as an antifoulant.	Tested	23194394
CID:5282169	CAS:35457-80-8	Medemycin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Evaluated via disc diffusion; the A. caviae strain was highly resistant, producing an inhibition zone size of 0.	Tested	32207876
CID:5282521	CAS:108050-54-0	Tilmicosin	Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing; National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing; National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing	China	Ouhe Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China)	Great caution should be taken due to its use in treatments for infections in aquaculture and huge consumption in food animal production.	No known regulations			It is a macrolide antibiotic that demonstrated severe cardiotoxicity and developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. It induced tachycardia at 0.63 to 5 mg/L and bradycardia at 40 mg/L. Further investigation revealed it caused pericardial edema, spinal curvature, and lethality by 4 dpf. It also triggered oxidative stress (decreasing SOD activities and increasing MDA contents) and apoptosis, marked by the up-regulation of p53, bcl 2, bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9.	Actively Used	30308910
CID:5284507	CAS:7212-44-4	Nerolidol	Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS; Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, SC; and Laboratory of Nanoscience, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, RS	Brazil	Free nerolidol (97% purity) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Nanosphere suspensions were prepared according to the interfacial deposition of pre-formed polymer.	Rampant and uncontrolled use of antibiotics is a major concern for aquaculture, leading to resistant bacterial strains. Constituents of plant essential oils such as nerolidol are being considered as replacements for synthetic drugs to support fish nutrition and health.	No known regulations			It is an aliphatic sesquiterpene alcohol tested as a dietary supplement in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) experimentally infected with Streptococcus agalactiae. Free nerolidol did not exert antibacterial activity in vivo, likely due to a loss of activity caused by acidic stomach pH. However, supplementation with nerolidol-loaded nanospheres at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 significantly lowered mortality and increased the relative percent survival of the fish. The nanotechnology formulation enhanced the permeability of nerolidol through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), significantly reducing brain bacterial loads and preventing the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lipid peroxidation induced by the infection.	Tested	31982567
CID:53025	CAS:69712-56-7	Cefotetan	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:5318516	CAS:18836-52-7	Pellitorine	SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur; Foundation for Aquaculture Innovations and Technology Transfer (FAITT), Chennai; and Saveetha University, Chennai	India	Purchased from Sigma (India; CAS 18836-52-7).	Pellitorine is a naturally occurring alkaloid (amide) found in several plant species. It is being investigated as a safe, eco-friendly natural alternative to manage Argulus (fish lice) infestations because there are currently no FDA-approved drugs for this parasite and conventional chemical treatments can be toxic to fish and the environment.	No known regulations			Evaluated for efficacy against Argulus in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and toxicity in zebrafish larvae. In goldfish, the 50 percent effective therapeutic concentration (EC50) was 2.45 mg/mL, and the lethal dose (LD50) was 14.68 mg/mL, resulting in a high therapeutic index of 5.99, indicating it is a very safe drug. Treatment at 5 mg/mL successfully detached 80 percent of Argulus within 12 hours. It enhanced host immunity by increasing SOD and CAT levels in infected fish while inducing lethal oxidative stress and cellular damage in the parasites, including structural deterioration of the mouth tube and suckers.	Tested	38411855
CID:5318638	CAS:56701-24-7	Vestitol	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian red propolis, sourced from COAPER, Canavieiras, Bahia, Brazil.	Investigated as an environmentally benign antibacterial compound to treat bacterial infections (E. ictaluri and F. covae) in channel catfish aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri. Vestitol demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against F. covae. 	Tested	39387133
CID:5320053	CAS:41060-15-5	Neobavaisoflavone	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Chengdu Mansite Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China) (CAS No. 41060-15-5) and dissolved in DMSO.	It is an isoflavone identified as a constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine Psoralea corylifolia. It was investigated as a potential natural alternative to conventional chemical treatments.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the ciliated protozoan parasite Tetrahymena piriformis. It exhibited moderate antiparasitic activity, achieving a minimum parasiticidal concentration of 12.5 mg/L within a 2-hour exposure period.	Tested	38518713
CID:5321010	CAS:28957-04-2	Oridonin	College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; and Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou	China	Purchased from MedChemExpress and dissolved in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to a 2 mM stock solution.	Oridonin is a naturally occurring ent-kaurene tetracyclic diterpenoid compound derived from the medicinal plant Rabdosia rubescens. It is being investigated as an environmentally friendly alternative to antibiotics and chemicals for treating viral diseases in aquaculture, specifically Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV).	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) using grouper spleen (GS) cells. Oridonin showed strong anti-SGIV activity, with a safe concentration up to 2 μM. It effectively inhibited viral gene transcription (MCP, VP-19, and LITAF) and protein production in a concentration-dependent manner. Mechanistically, it suppressed SGIV-induced lipid droplet formation by down-regulating fatty acid synthesis genes (SREBP1, FASN, SCD1, ACC1) and suppressed glycolysis by down-regulating glycolysis-related genes (GLUT1, GLUT2, HK2, PDHX). These metabolic regulations were achieved by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR proteins in the AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, Oridonin significantly inhibited SGIV-induced excessive inflammatory responses by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8).	Tested	39848352
CID:5323714	CAS:67-45-8	Furazolidone	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against the A. caviae strain, which exhibited complete resistance to it (inhibition zone size of 0).	Tested	32207876
CID:5323714	CAS:67-45-8	Furazolidone	Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of P. R. China, Xiamen; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, Zhejiang	China	Used as a positive control in the antimicrobial assays; commercial manufacturer is not explicitly stated in the text.	Utilized as a standard reference antibiotic to benchmark the antibacterial efficacy of the newly isolated marine compounds against pathogenic Vibrio species.	No known regulations			Tested as a positive control, it demonstrated an MIC of 2 ug/mL against V. scophthalmi, and 4 ug/mL against both V. shilonii and V. brasiliensis.	Tested	35194947
CID:5329	CAS:723-46-6	Sulfamethoxazole	School of Life and Health Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London	UK	Obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.	It is a widely utilized antibiotic that ends up polluting fresh water and is frequently measured in surface waters at concentrations of around 0.01 ug/mL.	No known regulations			It is a dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) inhibitor. Against P. fluorescens at 30 C, it exhibited a very high MIC of 32000 ug/L. When tested for a dose-response at 25 C, it did not show an obvious pattern of growth inhibition or a classic dose-response curve compared to the fluoroquinolones.	Actively Used	34947966
CID:5329	CAS:723-46-6	Sulfamethoxazole	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Evaluated under the name Sinomin via the disc diffusion method; the pathogen displayed an inhibition zone size of 12 but was classified as resistant.	Tested	32207876
CID:5329	CAS:723-46-6	Sulfamethoxazole	Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA	Sweden	Identified via the DrugBank database as an FDA-approved compound (DB01015). Dissolved in DMSO for the assays.	It is an FDA-approved sulfonamide widely used as an antibacterial agent in humans and animals.	Approved	USA		It was predicted to interact with the protein SPRG_19504 (dihydropteroate synthase family) to interfere with the folic acid biosynthetic pathway. It exhibited an MIC of 800 ug/ml in both liquid Machlis medium and on PDA plates. Optical microscopy showed pronounced hyper-branching in S. parasitica hyphae.	Tested	33178154
CID:5329	CAS:723-46-6	Sulfamethoxazole	College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang	China	Purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) with a purity greater than 99.8 percent.	It is a widely used anti-infective sulfonamide antibiotic utilized in the treatment of human infectious diseases and aquaculture. Due to incomplete metabolism, it is excreted into the environment and is widely distributed in aquatic environments, acting as a pollutant that poses a potential threat to aquatic organisms.	No known regulations			Evaluated for neurotoxicity in grass carp at an environmentally relevant waterborne concentration of 0.3 ug/L for 30 days. It induced brain injury by damaging the blood-brain barrier (evidenced by decreased Claudins, Occludin, and Zonula Occludens) and decreasing neurotransmitter activity (AChE). Exposure triggered severe oxidative stress, an inflammatory microenvironment via the NF-kB pathway (elevating TNF-a and interleukins), and apoptosis initiated by the activation of pro-death proteins (Bax/Bcl-2) and caspases.	Actively Used	35032680
CID:5336	CAS:144-83-2	Sulfapyridine	School of Life and Health Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London	UK	Obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.	It is one of the most commonly found antibiotics in surface waters due to its widespread use in treating bacterial infections.	No known regulations			It is a folic acid metabolism inhibitor necessary for cell division. It demonstrated a high MIC of 8000 ug/L against P. fluorescens at 30 C. Like sulfamethoxazole, it failed to produce a classic dose-response curve or display obvious bacterial growth inhibition at 25 C within the tested concentration range.	Actively Used	34947966
CID:5361	CAS:145-63-1	Suramin	State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou; School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing; and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing	China	Obtained as part of a 703-compound anti-infection chemical library purchased from Selleck Chemicals company.	It is a 100-year-old drug still actively used to treat African sleeping sickness. Its antiviral properties have been known since the mid-20th century, showing potential against emerging human viruses like SARS-CoV-2. Here, it is being investigated as a repurposed drug for aquaculture to combat Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV).	No known regulations			Identified via structure-based virtual screening (labeled as compound C2, CAS 129-46-4) targeting the RNA binding groove of the SVCV N protein, yielding an SP docking score of -9.04975. In vitro, it competitively bound to the RNA binding groove, preventing viral RNA binding with a dissociation constant of 7.5 uM. It significantly improved the thermal stability of the N protein to 62.0 degrees Celsius. It dose-dependently reduced the SVCV titer in host cells and suppressed the transcription of viral genes (p, n, m, g, and l). In vivo, an intraperitoneal injection of 50 nmol per fish improved the survival rate of SVCV-infected zebrafish by approximately 50 percent compared to the untreated control group.	Tested	36943056
CID:5430	CAS:148-79-8	Thiabendazole	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. or Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. with high purity.	A common benzimidazole evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo for anthelmintic efficacy against Gyrodactylus kobayashii and for acute toxicity in goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:543093	CAS:1633-14-3	2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated activity comparable to thymoquinone, but showed higher toxicity to the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:5464078	CAS:31271-07-5	γ-Mangostin	U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Center for Natural Products Research, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from the ethyl acetate/methanol extract of mangosteen pericarp, prepared from fresh fruits purchased at a grocery store in Memphis, Tennessee.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned, but the study notes the need for environmentally benign alternatives to currently used chemicals.	No known regulations			It is the major xanthone constituent of the active extract. It showed moderate antibacterial activity against F. columnare. 	Tested	29635710
CID:54671203	CAS:564-25-0	Doxycycline	Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza and State University of Ceará, Fortaleza	Brazil	Sigma Chemical Corporation; USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was evaluated in vitro against Vibrio species isolated from prawn farming. It showed MIC values ranging from 0.031 to 0.062 µg/mL against the tested strains.	Tested	26851782
CID:54671203	CAS:564-25-0	Doxycycline	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			The A. caviae isolate was resistant to it in vitro, showing an inhibition zone size of 0.	Tested	32207876
CID:54671203	CAS:564-25-0	Doxycycline	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Tested using standard antibiotic sensitivity discs (Hangzhou Microbiological Reagent Co., Ltd.).	Used to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Nocardia seriolae to find effective treatments for fish nocardiosis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. The strain was highly sensitive (S) to doxycycline (30 µg/tablet), producing an inhibitory zone of 36.00±2.30 mm.	Actively Used	38659458
CID:54671203	CAS:564-25-0	Doxycycline	Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Dolgoprudny; and Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino	Russia	Purchased from Zoofarmagro SRL, Chisinau, Moldova.	Tetracycline and its derivatives like doxycycline are commonly used in aquaculture to treat bacterial fish diseases, but they are a threatening antibiotic group in the ecosystem, hardly removed from wastewater, and known for non-target effects.	No known regulations			Used as a positive control in the study. In MIC assays, it had an MIC of 0.25 ug/mL against Aeromonas hydrophila and 6.25 ug/mL against A. salmonicida, with MBC values of 0.5 and 12.5 ug/mL respectively. Prolonged exposure to it is reported to exert genotoxic effects, cause DNA damage, delay hatching, and cause intestinal damage with inflammatory responses in various fish species.	Tested	34445533
CID:54675776	CAS:60-54-8	Tetracycline	Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro; Universidade do Porto, Porto; Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto; and Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Porto	Portugal	Not mentioned.	The text notes that the disposal of pharmaceutical compounds like tetracycline in the environment is not presently legislated or regularly monitored.	No known regulations			It is a wide-spectrum antibiotic commonly found in aquatic environments. The study assessed its acute toxic effects on the freshwater fish Gambusia holbrooki. Exposure resulted in a dose-dependent increase in catalase levels and histological alterations in the gills and liver, indicating that the compound can exert a pro-oxidative activity.	Actively Used	25475590
CID:54675776	CAS:60-54-8	Tetracycline	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 512 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:54675776	CAS:60-54-8	Tetracycline	Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada.	Canada	Tetracycline 250 (Vetoquinol N.-A. Inc., QC, Canada).	No specific governmental regulations or policies regarding the use of this chemical are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Actively used. It is identified as one of the most commonly used antibiotics in commercial aquaculture.	Actively Used	35189324
CID:54675776	CAS:60-54-8	Tetracycline	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested via disc diffusion; the pathogen was resistant to it (inhibition zone size of 0).	Tested	32207876
CID:54675776	CAS:60-54-8	Tetracycline	Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna; Department of Chemistry and Helwan Nanotechnology Center, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo	Austria|Egypt	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Used as a conventional antibiotic control to benchmark the efficacy of the experimental natural compounds and nanoparticles.	No known regulations			It was utilized as a positive control in the disc diffusion assay, where a 10 ug dose generated a 30 mm zone of inhibition against P. fluorescens.	Tested	33429926
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Porto; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Matosinhos; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Porto; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro; and Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro	Portugal	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a tetracycline antibiotic widely used in aquaculture settings but they haven't mention any regulatory information.	No known regulations			The study investigated the effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) exposure on specific biochemical pathways, including detoxification, neurotransmission, and energy production, in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).	Actively Used	30098505
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Manirampore, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal	India	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a conventional antibiotic widely used in intensive aquaculture. However, its prolonged use has resulted in the development of antibiotic resistance in pathogens like Aeromonas hydrophila and left undesirable residues in edible fishes, posing a health risk to humans.	No known regulations			Utilized as a positive control and benchmark for the essential oil. In vitro, the sensitive strain of A. hydrophila showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10.67 ug/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 13.33 ug/mL. Two resistant strains could not be inhibited even at a high concentration of 128.0 ug/mL. In silico, molecular docking against the DNA gyrase-B protein showed strong inhibition with a binding energy of -8.73 Kcal/mol and the formation of 11 hydrogen bonds. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed it violated Lipinski's rule of five by having 7 hydrogen bond donors and was predicted to be a P-glycoprotein substrate, meaning it is susceptible to efflux pump resistance.	Tested	36799768
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Laboratoire Génome, Diagnostic Immunitaire et Valorisation, ISBM, Monastir; Marine and Environmental Toxicology, UR 09-03-IPEIS, Sfax University; and Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Monastir	Tunisia	NOE, France (as COMPOMIX TERRASOL)	The text states this antibiotic is one of the only four antimicrobial agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in food fish.	Approved	USA		A broad-spectrum antibiotic used curatively to treat systemic bacterial infections. It presents genotoxic and cytotoxic potential, increasing the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in sea bass; combined exposure with formaldehyde induces a cumulative effect. It can also persist for long periods in sediments.	Actively Used	21621636
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Tested using standard antibiotic sensitivity discs (Hangzhou Microbiological Reagent Co., Ltd.).	Used to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Nocardia seriolae to find effective treatments for fish nocardiosis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. The strain was highly sensitive (S) to oxytetracycline (10 µg/tablet), producing an inhibitory zone of 30.00±0.82 mm.	Actively Used	38659458
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Ubon Ratchathani University, Warin Chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani	Thailand	Not explicitly stated in the text	No specific governmental regulations are mentioned; however, the paper notes that its prolonged use in aquaculture is problematic due to environmental accumulation and the development of antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			It is noted as a drug of choice for feed treatments and was used as a positive control in the study. It showed a minimal inhibitory concentration and a bactericidal effect; a bath treatment prevented mortality in infected Nile tilapia.	Actively Used	20575361
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Obtained from Sigma Aldrich with greater than or equal to 95.0% purity.	It is a highly used antibiotic registered in several countries for use in fish, although not yet registered for South American fish.	Registered	Multiple countries		In disk-diffusion tests, A. hydrophila was susceptible to it. In microdilution tests, it exhibited a bacteriostatic effect, showing an MIC of 0.125 ug/mL and an MBC greater than 1 ug/mL.	Actively Used	32966864
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Department of Aquatic Environment and Health Management, Late Shri Punaram Nishad College of Fisheries, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya (DSVCKV), Kawardha, Chhattisgarh	India	Purchased from HiMedia, India.	It is a conventional antibiotic utilized as a positive control in anti-bacterial assays to benchmark the inhibitory capacity of the plant extract.	No known regulations			Evaluated against ten different indicator bacteria using an agar-well diffusion assay at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. It exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 19 mm against Escherichia coli to 26 mm against Aeromonas jandaei.	Tested	37247154
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Used as a standard antibiotic (positive control).	It is a standard antibiotic commonly administered to farmed fishes.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a positive control against nine bacterial fish pathogens. It exhibited potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.045 to 0.115.	Actively Used	31905915
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Department of Aquatic Animal Health, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata; Fish Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin; Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai	India	Oxytetracycline dihydrate (TC200-10G; CAS No 6153-84-8; assay ≥ 98%) was purchased from HiMedia, India.	An approved veterinary medicinal product (VMP) widely used to treat bacterial infections in aquaculture. It is under strict regulatory control to prevent antimicrobial resistance, environmental hazards, and public health risks. The maximum residue limit (MRL) in muscle is strictly regulated (e.g., 100 ng/g by the European Commission/FSSAI, 200 ng/g by Codex, and 2000 ng/g by USFDA).	Approved	USA		Evaluated in vivo in male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fries. Administered via feed for 10 days at subtherapeutic (40 mg/kg biomass/day), therapeutic (80 mg/kg), and overdose (240, 400, 800 mg/kg) levels. Therapeutic dosing resulted in maximum biomass and residues safely depleted below the 100 ng/g MRL within 10 days post-dosing. Overdoses caused significant reductions in food intake, survival, and muscle antioxidant/electrolyte parameters (calcium, chloride, MDA, and SOD) while spiking muscle glucose levels. These physiological alterations were largely reversible once dosing ceased.	Actively Used	39827248
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS; and Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS	Brazil	Analytical standard purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)	It is an antimicrobial approved by the FDA for use in aquaculture.	Approved	USA		It is a conventional antimicrobial evaluated alongside various phytochemicals. It showed an additive effect with most tested compounds, but demonstrated synergy when combined with linalool against A. hydrophila and with citral against C. freundii.	Actively Used	29741243
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Laboratorio de Diagnostico y Biotecnologia, ADL Diagnostic Chile, Puerto Montt; Laboratorio de Patologia de Organismos Acuaticos y Biotecnologia Acuicola, Universidad Andres Bello, Vina del Mar; Centro FONDAP, INCAR, Vina del Mar; and Centro de Investigacion Marina Quintay, Valparaiso	Chile	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co (USA).	It is a primary antibiotic widely used in the Chilean salmon industry for the management of BKD.	Approved	Chile		The Renibacterium salmoninarum isolates were fully susceptible to oxytetracycline. MIC values ranged from 0.5 to 1 ug/ml in one laboratory and 0.5 to 2 ug/ml in another. The calculated epidemiological cut-off value using the blended dataset was <= 4 ug/ml, and the population is considered wild-type.	Actively Used	33075142
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Faculty of Sciences, Monastir University, Monastir; and National Institute of Science and Technology of the Sea, Monastir	Tunisia	Sourced as COMPOMIX TERRASOL in powder form (purity > 98%) from NOÉ Laboratories, France.	It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in food fish to prevent or treat bacterial diseases like vibriosis. In intensive aquaculture, it is administered via diet or bath, but it persists in fish tissues and marine sediments, posing risks of hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and environmental accumulation.	Approved	USA		Evaluated in vivo on sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) at a therapeutic bath dose of 40 g/m³ for 10 days. When used alone, it induced mild oxidative stress and moderate liver alterations (vacuolated hepatocytes and slight sinusoid dilatation). However, when combined with formaldehyde, it resulted in a severe, cumulative toxic effect causing intensive vacuolization, blood congestion, focal necrosis, and significant elevation of catalase activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels.	Actively Used	38549574
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu; Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Advanced Studies Complex, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; and Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia	No mention	It is a conventional antibiotic utilized as a positive control to benchmark the antivibrio activity of the plant extract.	No known regulations			Used as a positive control in the disc diffusion method (loaded as 10 ug in 2 mL DMSO on filter paper discs). It exhibited strong antibacterial activity with a 55.0 mm zone of inhibition against Vibrio parahaemolyticus.	Tested	37630329
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; and Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh	India	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a conventional antibiotic utilized as a positive control. The frequent use of such antibiotics leads to antimicrobial resistance, environmental residues, and microbiota perturbation, prompting the search for phytocompound alternatives like the plant extracts tested in this study.	No known regulations			Evaluated against Aeromonas hydrophila in vitro and in vivo. It produced an inhibitory zone of 6.4 mm in the agar well diffusion assay. In vivo, treating A. hydrophila-infected Labeo rohita fingerlings with 2.5 mg/kg body weight resulted in a 71 percent survival rate, compared to 0 percent in the untreated infected negative control group.	Tested	37598392
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaiba, Parnaiba; Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza; Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical, Fortaleza; Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Aracaju; and Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral	Brazil	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a conventional antibiotic utilized as a positive control to compare with the antibacterial efficacy of the plant essential oils against Vibrio parahaemolyticus.	No known regulations			Used as a control in microdilution assays against V. parahaemolyticus. The bacterial strain isolated from the hemolymph of farmed shrimp demonstrated much higher resistance to oxytetracycline (minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.22 ug/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration of 2.44 ug/mL) compared to the reference strain OCI 18950 (MIC of 0.00060 ug/mL and MBC of 0.0012 ug/mL).	Tested	36790271
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan; and Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a tetracycline antimicrobial frequently used in the aquaculture and livestock industries. Due to its extensive usage and subsequent environmental emissions, it has been identified as a significant new emerging pollutant capable of causing toxic effects on the central nervous system of aquatic organisms.	No known regulations			Evaluated for its neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral toxicity in zebrafish larvae. The study demonstrated that oxytetracycline exposure changes the behavior of zebrafish larvae by inhibiting NMDA receptors, thereby inducing toxic effects on the central nervous system.	Actively Used	37567108
CID:54675779	CAS:79-57-2	Oxytetracycline	Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL; and Eagle Fish Health Laboratory, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Eagle, ID	USA	Liquamycin LA-200 (Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ)	It is FDA-approved for therapeutic claims in catfish and salmonids, but there are no FDA-approved production claims (such as growth promotion) for antibiotic drug use in fish.	Approved	USA		The study evaluated whether oxytetracycline administration acts as a growth promoter in channel catfish, hybrid striped bass, Nile tilapia, and rainbow trout. Oral administration at subtherapeutic and therapeutic doses did not affect survival, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or specific growth rate in any of the selected taxa. The results demonstrated no benefit to dietary supplementation with oxytetracycline for nontherapeutic purposes in these finfish species.	Actively Used	29608688
CID:54675783	CAS:10118-90-8	Minocycline	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Evaluated via disc diffusion; the A. caviae strain was highly resistant, producing an inhibition zone size of 0.	Tested	32207876
CID:54686183	CAS:10592-13-9	Doxycycline hydrochloride	College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou; and Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou	China	Purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Corporation Limited (Shanghai, China) with a purity of greater than or equal to 98 percent.	It is one of the most important anti-infective drugs widely used in aquaculture. Due to large-scale aquaculture, drug abuse, and incomplete metabolism (30-90 percent is excreted in original form), massive amounts of DOX end up in aquatic ecosystems. It poses significant ecological risks, including toxicity to aquatic organisms and the potential induction of coral bleaching.	No known regulations			Evaluated for acute toxicity in the soft coral species Sarcophyton trocheliophorum exposed to concentrations of 0, 1, 5, and 10 mg/L for 8 hours. DOX exposure induced severe oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, significantly increasing LPO and MDA levels (MDA increased by up to 24.70 percent at 10 mg/L). At 5 mg/L, it significantly reduced protein concentration and SOD activity, indicating compromised protein synthesis and antioxidant defense. Higher concentrations disrupted the coral's symbiotic relationship, causing a significant dose-dependent decrease in zooxanthellae density (up to a 79.55 percent reduction at 10 mg/L) and altering chlorophyll content. DOX also significantly triggered the detoxification and immune systems, evidenced by increased activities of ACP, GST, and GSH-Px.	Actively Used	37848653
CID:5472496	CAS:72944-05-5	Artepillin C	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian green propolis, supplied by Apis Flora in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.	Investigated as a natural, environmentally friendly antibacterial compound to treat ESC and columnaris disease in channel catfish, aiming to replace conventional antibiotics and harsh chemicals.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri. Artepillin C was the most active compound from green propolis. 	Tested	39387133
CID:5479529	CAS:55268-75-2	Cefuroxime	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against the A. caviae strain, which exhibited complete resistance to it (inhibition zone size of 0).	Tested	32207876
CID:5479530	CAS:73384-59-5	Ceftriaxone	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was tested alongside myo-inositol against Aeromonas hydrophila. The viabilities of the bacteria were reduced by 3.2- to 52.2-fold with increased doses of ceftriaxone plus 20 mM myo-inositol, indicating that myo-inositol acts as an adjuvant to enhance its bactericidal efficacy.	Tested	30184134
CID:5479530	CAS:73384-59-5	Ceftriaxone	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:5479537	CAS:88040-23-7	Cefepime	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:5481173	CAS:72558-82-8	Ceftazidime	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the study to assess the ability of quercetin to modulate antibiotic resistance against A. hydrophila.	No known regulations			Screened in vitro against A. hydrophila. The addition of 30 ug/mL of quercetin to the antibiotic treatment reduced bacterial viability compared to treatment with the antibiotic alone.	Tested	35884183
CID:5481173	CAS:72558-82-8	Ceftazidime	Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza and State University of Ceará, Fortaleza	Brazil	Sigma Chemical Corporation; USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was tested in vitro against V. vulnificus and V. mimicus isolated from prawn farming environments. It presented MIC values of 1 µg/mL against V. mimicus and 0.5 µg/mL against V. vulnificus.	Tested	26851782
CID:5481173	CAS:72558-82-8	Ceftazidime	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 256-512 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:5481173	CAS:72558-82-8	Ceftazidime	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro via the disc diffusion method; the A. caviae strain was highly sensitive to it, producing an inhibition zone size of 41.	Tested	32207876
CID:5564	CAS:3380-34-5	Triclosan	Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA	Sweden	Identified via the DrugBank database as an FDA-approved compound (DB08604). Dissolved in acetone for the assays.	It is a commonly used FDA-approved broad-spectrum antibacterial/antifungal agent, and the concentration effective against Saprolegnia is significantly lower than its no-observed-adverse-effect level in humans.	Approved	USA		It was predicted to interact with SPRG_20215, blocking fatty acid biosynthesis. It was found to be the most effective experimental compound tested, exhibiting an MIC of 6 ug/ml in liquid Machlis medium and 4 ug/ml on PDA plates. Optical microscopy observations showed pronounced hyper-branching of the hyphae.	Tested	33178154
CID:5578	CAS:738-70-5	Trimethoprim	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:57345804	CAS:32289-58-0	Polyhexamethylene biguanidine hydrochloride	Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao; and Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent	China|Belgium	Obtained from Aladdin Chemistry Co..	Evaluated as a potential prophylactic measure to control AHPND infections.	No known regulations			It was found to have the strongest inhibitory effect among all tested disinfectants, with MIC and MBC ranges of 4 to 8 mg/L against Vibrio isolates. Its 96-hour LC50 for juvenile shrimp was 9.67 mg/L with a safe concentration of 0.967 mg/L. In clinical trials, applying 1 mg/L successfully protected shrimp from AHPND infection.	Tested	32720097
CID:5742673	CAS:63527-52-6	Cefotaxime	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 256-512 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:5742673	CAS:63527-52-6	Cefotaxime	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Noted generically as cefotaxime in the text, the A. caviae isolate was classified as sensitive to it, displaying an inhibition zone size of 36.	Tested	32207876
CID:5742832	CAS:78110-38-0	Aztreonam	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested via disc diffusion; the pathogen was highly sensitive to it, producing the largest observed inhibition zone size of 42.	Tested	32207876
CID:5853	CAS:52-68-6	Trichlorfon	Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka	Japan	Wako Pure Chemical	The paper does not mention specific governmental regulations; it states it is widely and commonly used in aquaculture.	No known regulations			It is an organophosphorous insecticide used as an anti-ectoparasitic chemical. Exposure (0.4 ppm for 30 min) caused serum CRP levels to increase significantly to a maximum at 3 days (9.9 times higher than normal), then decrease below normal.	Actively Used	15110333
CID:5853	CAS:52-68-6	Trichlorfon	Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou	China	Purchased from Jiangshan with a 90 percent purity.	It is a broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide widely used in agriculture and aquaculture to control insect pests (like mosquitoes, flies, mites, and copepods) owing to its relatively low bioaccumulation and short-term persistence.	No known regulations			Evaluated for hepatotoxicity in zebrafish at an exposure level of 0.5 mg/L for 21 days. It induced severe liver damage, causing endoplasmic reticulum expansion and the initiation of autophagolysosome formation, while reducing the relative hepatocyte count to 63.1 percent of the control. At day 7 of exposure, it significantly elevated SOD, GPX, and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities, indicating an early immune and antioxidant defense response, but these activities significantly decreased by day 21 due to continuous toxic damage. Transcriptomic sequencing showed 714 up-regulated and 560 down-regulated genes, impacting metabolic pathways and inducing apoptosis. When combined with copper sulfate, it led to even stronger toxicity, causing blurred hepatocyte morphology, severe vacuolation, and necrotic signs.	Actively Used	37446380
CID:5959	CAS:56-75-7	Chloramphenicol	Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana	Turkey	Oxoid (Hampshire, UK)	This antibiotic was banned in many countries.	Banned	Multiple countries		Used as a standard reference antibiotic (positive control) in the study. It was found to be the most effective antibiotic among those tested, displaying the lowest resistance rate (10.7%) among the studied bacteria.	Tested	30179290
CID:5959	CAS:56-75-7	Chloramphenicol	Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza and State University of Ceará, Fortaleza	Brazil	Sigma Chemical Corporation; USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was evaluated in vitro against Vibrio species isolated from prawn farming. It showed an MIC of 0.5 µg/mL against all tested strains.	Tested	26851782
CID:5959	CAS:56-75-7	Chloramphenicol	Department of Food Technology, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru; and Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Bengaluru	India	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a conventional chemical antibiotic used to manage Vibriosis in aquaculture. However, the development of drug resistance and the biomagnification of such chemical antibiotics are major disadvantages that necessitate the exploration of natural, plant-based alternatives.	No known regulations			Used as a reference antibiotic for comparison in in-vitro assays. In an agar-well diffusion assay at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, it demonstrated a strong zone of inhibition (22 mm) against the aquaculture pathogens Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila.	Actively Used	38353487
CID:5959	CAS:56-75-7	Chloramphenicol	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			The A. caviae isolate was resistant to it in vitro, showing an inhibition zone size of 0.	Tested	32207876
CID:5959	CAS:56-75-7	Chloramphenicol	Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA	Sweden	Identified via the DrugBank database as an FDA-approved compound (DB00446). Dissolved in ethanol for the assays.	It is an FDA-approved antibacterial agent that acts by inhibiting protein synthesis and has been widely used in humans and animals.	Approved	USA		It was predicted to interact with the protein SPRG_35021. It demonstrated growth inhibition with an MIC of 800 ug/ml in both liquid Machlis medium and on PDA plates. Optical microscopy showed low levels of side branching.	Tested	33178154
CID:5959	CAS:56-75-7	Chloramphenicol	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 128 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:5959	CAS:56-75-7	Chloramphenicol	Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka	Nigeria	Imperial Drug Industries, Mumbai, India	The text states that because of resistance and safety concerns, it is no longer a first-line agent for any infection in developed nations, but it is still widely used in low-income countries.	Partially approved	Multiple countries		It is a phenicol compound and a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Sublethal exposure in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) caused abnormal behavioral changes and significantly altered hematological parameters, such as decreasing packed cell volume, hemoglobin, and mean cellular volume, while increasing lymphocytes.	Actively Used	24099453
CID:5959	CAS:56-75-7	Chloramphenicol	Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Messina	Italy	Not explicitly stated in the text.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was used as a positive control in the agar disc diffusion assay to evaluate the antibacterial potential of algal extracts. An amount of 30 µg produced an inhibition zone that ranged between 7.6 and 19 mm against the Gram-positive human pathogen Bacillus subtilis.	Tested	30544601
CID:5978	CAS:91080-29-4	Benzalkonium bromide	Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao; and Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent	China|Belgium	Purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co..	Evaluated for its disinfection efficacy against aquaculture pathogens.	No known regulations			Evaluated against Vibrio isolates, it showed an MIC range of 60 to 80 mg/L and an MBC range of 70 to 110 mg/L. The 96-hour LC50 for juvenile shrimp was 20.4 mg/L with a safe concentration of 2.04 mg/L.	Tested	32720097
CID:60164	CAS:106685-40-9	Adapalene	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Identified from a virtual library of FDA-approved drugs and purchased from commercial suppliers with high purity.	An FDA-approved drug investigated through computer-aided drug design as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans.	No known regulations			Identified via virtual screening as having high binding affinity to the target protein. In vivo testing showed it was efficacious against the parasite but exhibited higher toxicity to the fish.	Tested	39992024
CID:60202781	CAS:8003-34-7	Pyrethrins 50%	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Natural compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	Natural compounds are being explored to replace or combine with hazardous synthetic drugs in aquaculture feeds and baths.	No known regulations			Against S. chrysophrii, 100 percent mortality was reached only at the highest concentration (1 mM) at 24 hours. It demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against V. harveyi at 10 uM.	Tested	34451443
CID:6024	CAS:153-61-7	Cephalothin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 64 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:6032	CAS:8063-07-8	Kanamycin	University of Malaysia, Kelantan Jeli Campus, Kelantan and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu	Malaysia	Analar, UK	While no specific regulations for this exact chemical are cited, the text notes a general ban on most antibiotics for aquaculture use.	No known regulations			It is a commercial antibiotic that was used as a positive control in the study, demonstrating a minimal inhibitory concentration against the tested systemic bacteria.	Actively Used	23825733
CID:6032	CAS:8063-07-8	Kanamycin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 128 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:6032	CAS:8063-07-8	Kanamycin	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai; Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai; and Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai	China	Not explicitly stated, though used alongside Florfenicol.	It is a conventional antibiotic utilized as a positive control to benchmark the antibacterial efficacy of the new fungal metabolites.	No known regulations			Used as a positive control in antibacterial bioassays. It exhibited an MIC of 61.9 uM against Staphylococcus aureus and 8.3 uM against Bacillus subtilis.	Tested	36857464
CID:6032	CAS:8063-07-8	Kanamycin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Evaluated via disc diffusion; the A. caviae strain was completely resistant to it, producing an inhibition zone size of 0.	Tested	32207876
CID:6032	CAS:8063-07-8	Kanamycin	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Tested using standard antibiotic sensitivity discs (Hangzhou Microbiological Reagent Co., Ltd.).	Used to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Nocardia seriolae to find effective treatments for fish nocardiosis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. The strain was highly sensitive (S) to kanamycin (30 µg/tablet), producing an inhibitory zone of 24.00±0.82 mm.	Actively Used	38659458
CID:612	CAS:50-21-5	Lactic acid	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Not explicitly stated in the text.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			MIC was 500 ppm for S. parasitica and 5,000 ppm for S. delica. The MLC was 500 ppm for S. parasitica and 1,000 ppm for S. delica.	Tested	30536642
CID:6129	CAS:63-25-2	Carbaryl	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin, Fallaviers, France)	"According to the toxicity categories established in the EU legislation, it is classified as ""toxic to aquatic organisms""."	No known regulations		Toxic to aquatic organisms	It is a pesticide (EC50 = 2.4 mg l-1) that was found to be more toxic in seawater than in distilled water.	Actively Used	17292447
CID:6196	CAS:66-79-5	Oxacillin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:62367	CAS:546-79-2	Sabinene hydrate:4-thujanol	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Exhibited moderate antibacterial activity with MIC values spanning from 500 to 1000.	Tested	32119179
CID:6240	CAS:69-09-0	Chlorpromazine hydrochloride	Division of Aquatic Environment and Health Management, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai; and OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu	India	Sigma, USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a cationic, amphiphilic lysosomotropic agent tested against betanodavirus in the SISK cell line. It was found to be non-toxic up to 100 µM and successfully inhibited the viral infection at 10 µM and 100 µM. The study noted it was more effective at inhibiting the virus at a much lower dose compared to ammonium chloride. It works by affecting the intracellular distribution of clathrin and shifting it to the late endosomal compartment to inhibit viral entry.	Tested	29890241
CID:6249	CAS:69-53-4	Ampicillin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:6249	CAS:69-53-4	Ampicillin	Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza and State University of Ceará, Fortaleza	Brazil	Sigma Chemical Corporation; USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was tested in vitro against Vibrio species isolated from prawn farming. The V. vulnificus strain presented an intermediate susceptibility profile to ampicillin with an MIC of 16 µg/mL, while V. mimicus had an MIC of 0.125 µg/mL. The text notes it has been reported as the least effective antibacterial drug against Vibrio strains recovered from farmed shrimps.	Tested	26851782
CID:6249	CAS:69-53-4	Ampicillin	Universidad de Cadiz, Puerto Real; Instituto Español de Oceanografía, A Coruña; and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, St. Louis, USA	According to REACH regulations (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals), a substance is considered persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) based on its half-life and bioaccumulation factor.	No known regulations		REACH PBT substance	It is an antibiotic. A. lixula was much more sensitive to this chemical than P. lividus. The sea urchin embryo test appeared to be more sensitive to this antibiotic compared to bacterial tests.	Actively Used	22562751
CID:6249	CAS:69-53-4	Ampicillin	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the study to assess the ability of quercetin to modulate antibiotic resistance against A. hydrophila.	No known regulations			Screened in vitro against A. hydrophila. The addition of 30 ug/mL of quercetin to the antibiotic treatment reduced bacterial viability compared to treatment with the antibiotic alone.	Tested	35884183
CID:6249	CAS:69-53-4	Ampicillin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against the A. caviae strain, which exhibited complete resistance to it (inhibition zone size of 0).	Tested	32207876
CID:6249	CAS:69-53-4	Ampicillin	Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaiba, Parnaiba; Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza; Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical, Fortaleza; Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Aracaju; and Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral	Brazil	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is an antibiotic (tested as sodium salt) utilized as a positive control. The emergence of environmental Vibrio strains resistant to ampicillin is noted as a major concern in shellfish farming.	No known regulations			Exhibited an MIC and MBC of 625 ug/mL against V. parahaemolyticus strain OCI 18950. However, against the strain isolated from farmed shrimp, its MIC was exceptionally high at 10000 ug/mL, indicating strong resistance. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity of the tested essential oils was of a similar magnitude to that of ampicillin against the reference strain, but significantly stronger than ampicillin against the farmed shrimp isolate.	Tested	36790271
CID:6253	CAS:147-94-4	Cytarabine	College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Evaluated as part of a panel of nine drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.	No known regulations			In vitro LC10 was greater than 250 mg/L; in vivo LC10 was 100 mg/L. In preliminary screening, it showed weak anti-NNV activity and was not selected for further evaluation.	Tested	34962648
CID:6321424	CAS:70288-86-7	Ivermectin	ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai; ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin; College of Fisheries CAU, Agartala; ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai	India	Purchased as HPLC grade (Purity >90%) from Sigma-Aldrich Co.	Commonly used for parasitic disease treatment in livestock and humans, and off-label in aquaculture for helminths and crustacean parasites. However, it currently lacks official regulatory approval for use in the aquaculture sector.	No known regulations			Evaluated via an acute oral toxicity study in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using medicated feed top-dressed with the drug and 0.5% guar gum as a binder. At higher doses, fish exhibited severe stress, neurotoxic behaviors (erratic swimming, loss of equilibrium), and internal damage (pale liver, enlarged kidneys). The study aimed to establish safety benchmarks (LD50, NOAEL, and LOAEL) to assist regulatory authorities in potentially fixing Maximum Residual Limits (MRL) for fish.	Tested	40272910
CID:6323491	CAS:12772-57-5	Radicicol	Cawthron Institute, Nelson; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland; and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland	New Zealand	Sigma-Aldrich	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a natural chemical compound identified as an inhibitor of metamorphosis in ascidian larvae. It significantly depressed the growth and the condition of P. canaliculus. Although it had no detectable effects on mitochondrial respirational function , the compound is considered toxic to P. canaliculus and is unsuitable for use as an antifoulant in the aquaculture of this species.	Tested	23194394
CID:6328657	CAS:80370-57-6	Ceftiofur	Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu	Republic of Korea	Obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, US.	It was identified from the FDA DrugBank as a novel 3rd generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin introduced for veterinary use.	Approved	USA		It acts as a cell wall synthesis inhibitor by binding to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibiting the transpeptidation step. Tested against S. parauberis, it showed high potency against both planktonic and biofilm-forming strains, exhibiting an MIC range of 0.0039-1, an IC50 range of 0.001-0.5, and an MBEC range of 2-256. It achieved its maximum inhibitory effect after 12 hours of incubation.	Actively Used	32318593
CID:637511	CAS:104-55-2	Cinnamaldehyde	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			It was the most effective phytochemical tested, demonstrating very strong antibacterial activity. A combination ratio of 30 cinnamaldehyde to 70 eugenol produced a synergistic effect.	Tested	32119179
CID:637566	CAS:106-24-1	Geraniol	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity against all tested strains with an MIC of 870.	Tested	32119179
CID:637760	CAS:94-41-7	Chalcone	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Extracted from licorice, it was investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro and in vivo against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.6. It effectively inhibited myosin ATPase with an IC50 of 0.44 mM. In anthelmintic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 1.085 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 7.657 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:638011	CAS:5392-40-5	Citral	Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS; and Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS	Brazil	Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned for this phytochemical.	No known regulations			It is a monoterpene that successfully inhibited biofilm formation in tested fish pathogens. It decreased haemolytic activity when used at 40% of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In checkerboard assays, it showed a synergistic effect when combined with oxytetracycline against C. freundii.	Tested	29741243
CID:638011	CAS:5392-40-5	Citral	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Displayed moderate antibacterial activity, requiring an MIC of 1740 against the tested strains.	Tested	32119179
CID:638278	CAS:961-29-5	Isoliquiritigenin	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian red propolis, sourced from COAPER, Canavieiras, Bahia, Brazil.	Investigated as an environmentally benign antibacterial compound to treat bacterial infections (E. ictaluri and F. covae) in channel catfish aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri. Against F. covae. 	Tested	39387133
CID:638678	CAS:24305-27-9	Protirelin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.01. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 9.517 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 16.254 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:6436223	CAS:88899-55-2	Bafilomycin A1	Nagasaki University and AVSS Corporation, Nagasaki	Japan	Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA	The paper explicitly states that the agents discussed have not yet been approved for application in fish culture.	No known regulations			It inhibits vacuolar H+-ATPase and acidification of endosomes. A concentration of 1 nM completely inhibited the CPE after 6 days of infection.	Tested	17891330
CID:6450551	CAS:319460-85-0	Axitinib	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Identified from a virtual library of FDA-approved drugs and purchased from commercial suppliers with high purity.	An FDA-approved drug investigated through computer-aided drug design as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans.	No known regulations			Identified via virtual screening, but demonstrated lower anthelmintic activity during in vivo evaluations in goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:6453524	CAS:2761-77-5	Communic acid	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian brown propolis, which was collected in Angatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.	Investigated as a natural, environmentally friendly antibacterial compound to treat ESC and columnaris disease in channel catfish, aiming to replace conventional antibiotics and harsh chemicals.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri. Communic acid demonstrated antibacterial activity against F. covae. 	Tested	39387133
CID:64685	CAS:507-70-0	(−)-Borneol	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Showed moderate antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 1000 to 2000.	Tested	32119179
CID:64945	CAS:77-52-1	Ursolic acid	College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Purchased from Nanjing spring & autumn biological engineering Co., Ltd.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned, though the study notes a need for new therapeutic agents since conventional chemical drugs have significant risks like environmental pollution and host toxicity.	No known regulations			It is a major constituent of Prunella vulgaris L. (PVL) with highly effective anti-IHNV (Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus) activity. In vitro, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration at 72 h on IHNV was 8.0 µM, and it significantly decreased cytopathic effect (CPE) and viral titers in EPC cells. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection increased the relative percentage of survival of rainbow trout by 18.9% and inhibited IHNV glycoprotein mRNA expression by >90.0% in the spleen at 1-day post-infection.	Tested	31494148
CID:64981	CAS:7770-78-7	Arctigenin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Identified as a known active compound acting as the control standard in the study.	Used as the reference baseline compound in virtual screening to discover new potential antiparasitic drugs targeting myosin.	No known regulations			Used as the control in virtual screening with a docking score of -7.0. The study determined its binding site on myosin (amino acid site 235, specifically interacting with ASN439). It inhibited myosin ATPase with an IC50 of 0.677 mM. In anthelmintic activity assays against Gyrodactylus, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 1.85 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 11.63 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:64982	CAS:21967-41-9	Baicalin	Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; and School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is considered one of the main functional flavonoids responsible for the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities of Scutellaria baicalensis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against LPS-challenged RFM cells. It exhibited no significant cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 10 uM. Like scutellarin, it suppressed the LPS-induced expressions of IL-1b, TNF-a, and nitric oxide in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibited NF-kB and IL-6 transcription. Its anti-inflammatory effect was also determined to be less potent than the full SBA extract under equivalent conditions, indicating synergistic interactions within the full extract.	Tested	36420515
CID:64982	CAS:21967-41-9	Baicalin	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Stock solutions prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the compound in 1 mL of DMSO solution.	Investigated as a safe, plant-derived alternative (phytochemical) to antibiotics for managing nocardiosis infections, given concerns over rising antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. At a dose of 0.5 mg, it produced an inhibitory zone of 24.93±1.38 mm.	Tested	38659458
CID:65064	CAS:989-51-5	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning; China-ASEAN Modern Fishery Industry Technology Transfer Demonstration Center, Nanning; Guangxi Fisheries Technology Extension Station, Nanning; and Beihai Fisheries Technology Extension Station, Beihai	China	Isolated from green tea with greater than 98 percent purity and purchased from Macklin Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	It is the major catechin component of green tea, accounting for 50 to 60 percent of tea polyphenols. It exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-cancer, blood lipid-lowering, and anti-allergy activities. It is being investigated as a safe, natural alternative to chemical drugs to combat aquatic viral pathogens, as medicinal plant extracts typically feature lower toxicity, fewer side effects, and provoke less pathogen resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated for its antiviral effects against Largemouth bass virus (LMBV). The safe working concentration of EGCG was identified as 10 ug/mL or less, showing no cytotoxicity or cytoskeletal damage to FHM host cells. In vitro, it exhibited significant anti-LMBV activity in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, it directly destroyed virus particles and severely obstructed the virus's ability to bind and enter host cells. The calculated inhibitory effects of EGCG on LMBV particles, host cell binding, and host cell invasion were 84.89 percent, 98.99 percent, and 95.23 percent, respectively. It did not significantly inhibit the viral replication phase. In vivo, treating LMBV-infected largemouth bass with an intraperitoneal injection containing 10 ug/mL of EGCG significantly lowered the fatality rate; cumulative mortality was reduced to 15 percent at 10 days, compared to a 100 percent mortality rate by day 8 in the untreated infected group.	Tested	36680191
CID:65268	CAS:80210-62-4	Cefpodoxime	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:6549	CAS:78-70-6	Linalool	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Demonstrated weak antibacterial activity with MIC values of 3445 or greater.	Tested	32119179
CID:6549	CAS:78-70-6	Linalool	Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS; and Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS	Brazil	Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned for this phytochemical.	No known regulations			It is a monoterpene capable of inhibiting biofilm formation in the tested bacteria. It decreased the haemolytic activity of A. hydrophila at all tested subinhibitory concentrations. It demonstrated synergistic effects when combined with either florfenicol or oxytetracycline against A. hydrophila.	Tested	29741243
CID:65575	CAS:77-53-2	Cedrol	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Natural compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	Natural compounds are being explored to replace or combine with hazardous synthetic drugs in aquaculture feeds and baths.	No known regulations			It was the most effective anti-parasitic natural compound tested, displaying an LC50 of 0.11 mM against S. chrysophrii. It showed strong antibacterial activity against V. anguillarum. However, it caused the highest reduction in sea bream fibroblasts' viability at 10 uM concentration and 72 hours of exposure.	Tested	34451443
CID:6585	CAS:79-21-0	Peracetic Acid	Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands; and Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø	Spain	Obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical, USA (Cat. 94,329), and diluted in seawater to working concentrations.	Approved by the European Commission for health care and veterinary settings. It acts as a powerful and direct oxidative disruptor of cell membranes via hydroxyl radicals. Tested as a highly reactive, sustainable biocide for aquaculture biosecurity protocols.	Approved	EU		Evaluated in vitro against both the free-living planktonic state and the biofilms of Vibrio anguillarum, V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. Peracetic Acid (PerA) emerged as the most effective and fastest-acting disinfectant among those tested. It displayed the lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against free-living bacteria (e.g., MBC of 0.0005% for Vibrio spp.). Crucially, it was highly effective against bacterial biofilms, with a Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) of 0.001%, achieving complete eradication within 5 minutes of contact. In vivo toxicity testing on juvenile Gilthead seabream showed that adding 0.001% PerA directly to the water caused significant mortality after 19 hours, emphasizing the need for strict rinsing protocols.	Actively Used	39175494
CID:6585	CAS:79-21-0	Peracetic Acid	Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, As; and Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Tromso	Norway	It is the primary active compound (5 percent) of the commercial product Perfectin obtained from Lilleborg AS, Oslo, Norway.	Oxidative chemicals like this are gaining popularity as routine treatments for parasitic and bacterial infections in salmonid aquaculture.	No known regulations			Applied as an oxidative chemical stressor at 4.8 mg/L every 15 days for a total of three times to Atlantic salmon. The first exposure caused a temporary decrease in mucous cell density and an initial massive suppression of gene expression in the olfactory rosette. However, mucosal adaptation and recovery were observed during subsequent exposures.	Actively Used	33218110
CID:6585	CAS:79-21-0	Peracetic Acid	School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL	USA	Peraclean was obtained from Evonik; VigorOx SP-15 was obtained from PeroxyChem.	It must receive USEPA approval before use in food-fish aquaculture in the US.	Not approved	USA		Tested at 10 mg/L total volume, these peracetic acid-based products effectively and quickly reduced cyanobacteria in the field while having marginal effects on beneficial green algae and zooplankton. They are suggested as highly effective alternatives to copper-based products for aquaculture farmers.	Tested	33580364
CID:6604200	CAS:67-20-9	Nitrofurantoin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Also referred to generically as nitrofurantoin in the text, the A. caviae strain was sensitive to it in vitro, showing an inhibition zone size of 29.	Tested	32207876
CID:6604200	CAS:67-20-9	Nitrofurantoin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC greater than 256 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:6654	CAS:80-56-8	α-Pinene	Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo	Japan	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against D. minutus, it displayed dose-dependent anthelmintic activity but had less significant effects compared to (-)-β-Pinene and 1,8-Cineole.	Tested	29080753
CID:67215	CAS:129-73-7	Leucomalachite green	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin, Fallaviers, France)	"According to toxicity categories established in EU legislation (Directive 93/67/EEC), it is ""not classified"" (n.c.) because it has no toxic effects at the concentration tested."	No known regulations			It is the reduced form of malachite green, used as an indicator of contamination, and showed no toxic effects up to 39.9 mg l-1.	Tested	17292447
CID:6755	CAS:83-72-7	2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphoquinone	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Synthesized according to Scheme S2.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Synthesized as a derivative of 1,4-naphthoquinone (by introducing a hydroxyl group) to explore the structure-activity relationship against Gyrodactylus parasites. In in vivo anthelmintic activity assays on goldfish, it exhibited relatively low activity, with a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 3.53 mg/L, a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 10.687 mg/L, and a Therapeutic Index (TI) of 3.027.	Tested	38522112
CID:6775	CAS:84-58-2	2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated weak activity, underperforming thymoquinone. Structure-activity analysis suggested the cyano group decreased efficacy.	Tested	39837239
CID:68071	CAS:480-39-7	Pinocembrin	Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu; Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu; and Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu	China	Commercially obtained from Chengdu Herbpurify Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China) with greater than 98 percent HPLC purity (CAS no. 28957-04-2).	It is a natural flavonoid compound isolated from propolis, ginger, and other plants, known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, and neuroprotective properties. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, it is being investigated as a candidate drug for treating Aeromonas hydrophila infections in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated for its antibacterial mechanism against multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila (strain CW). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 256 ug/mL and 512 ug/mL, respectively. At 512 ug/mL, it significantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and soluble protein content, while increasing electrical conductivity by 4.21 percent and DNA exosmosis by 15.98 mg/L, indicating increased cell membrane permeability. Ultrastructurally, treated bacteria showed surface roughness, plasmolysis, and severe morphological alterations in cell walls and membranes.	Tested	35438439
CID:68101	CAS:488-48-2	Tetrabromo-p-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated activity weaker than thymoquinone.	Tested	39837239
CID:6817	CAS:85-66-5	Pyocyanin	National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi; and Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi	India	Extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MCCB118, isolated from marine sediment in the Arabian Sea	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a redox active phenazine pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study evaluated its toxicity in human, fish, and insect cell lines, finding that higher amounts are required to elicit cytotoxicity, such as morphological changes and necrosis. The text suggests it can be safely used as a drug of choice in aquaculture against vibrios and as a biocontrol agent against fungal and bacterial pathogens in agriculture.	Actively Used	25091858
CID:68238	CAS:527-17-3	Duroquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated weak activity, underperforming thymoquinone.	Tested	39837239
CID:68239	CAS:527-21-9	Tetrafluoro-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated very weak activity, significantly underperforming thymoquinone. Structure-activity analysis suggested the fluorine substituent resulted in very weak biological potential.	Tested	39837239
CID:68241	CAS:527-61-7	2,6-dimethylbenzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, but showed higher toxicity to the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:68262	CAS:530-55-2	2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated activity weaker than thymoquinone.	Tested	39837239
CID:689043	CAS:331-39-5	Caffeic acid	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Phytochemical compound assessed as part of a screen to identify safe and effective alternative agents for controlling Chilodonella uncinata infections.	"Investigated as a safe and environmentally friendly ""green medicine"" alternative to traditional chemical drugs and antibiotics for the treatment of chilodonellosis in aquaculture."	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo using an Artemia salina infection model to determine its anti-parasitic efficacy against Chilodonella uncinata. At a concentration of 10 mg/L over a 24-hour period, caffeic acid exhibited a maximum anti-parasite efficacy of 15%. It was considered largely ineffective in this assay.	Tested	39395598
CID:69068	CAS:605-94-7	2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, but showed higher toxicity to the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:6909	CAS:87-90-1	Trichloroisocyanuric acid	Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao; and Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent	China|Belgium	Purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co..	Evaluated for its disinfection efficacy against aquaculture pathogens.	No known regulations			It demonstrated the strongest inhibitory effect among the chlorine disinfectants, with an MIC range of 50 to 70 mg/L and an MBC range of 60 to 100 mg/L. However, it was the most toxic disinfectant for juvenile shrimp in the study, showing a 96-hour LC50 of 0.88 mg/L and causing 100% mortality at 3.2 mg/L within 96 hours.	Tested	32720097
CID:69213	CAS:615-94-1	2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated very minimal potency, performing the worst among the analogues tested.	Tested	39837239
CID:69671	CAS:695-99-8	2-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated highly potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, but was highly toxic to the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:6989	CAS:89-83-8	Thymol	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Exhibited strong antibacterial activity with a consistent MIC of 500 across all strains. Testing it in combination with carvacrol produced an additive effect.	Tested	32119179
CID:6989	CAS:89-83-8	Thymol	Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu; Aquaculture Research Institute, Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu; and Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu	China	Purchased from Zhanyun Chemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) with greater than 98 percent HPLC purity (CAS no. 89-83-8).	It is the main component of thyme essential oil from Thymus and Lamiaceae plants, possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects. Due to emerging antibiotic resistance, it is being investigated as an efficient and environmentally friendly natural plant alternative to traditional antibiotics for treating Streptococcus iniae infections in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated against drug-resistant S. iniae (strain HT) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 128 and 256 ug/mL, respectively. At 2MIC, it increased cell membrane permeability, causing leakage of intracellular macromolecules (DNA, soluble proteins) and inorganic ions, while significantly reducing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Transcriptomic analysis showed it caused interference with energy metabolism, membrane transport, DNA replication, and transcription. In vivo, administering 20 mg/kg to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) for 5 days prior to challenge reduced cumulative mortality from 75 percent to 45 percent. It decreased S. iniae colonization in tissues (blood, intestine, spleen, liver, gill, brain), and significantly increased non-specific immune enzyme activities including catalase, lysozyme, and acid phosphatase.	Tested	35733967
CID:6989	CAS:89-83-8	Thymol	Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS; and Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS	Brazil	Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned for this phytochemical.	No known regulations			It is a colourless aromatic monoterpene identified as one of the most effective phytochemicals tested against the fish pathogenic bacteria. It inhibited biofilm formation and reduced haemolytic activity when used at 40% of its MIC. Its combination with florfenicol and oxytetracycline yielded additive effects.	Tested	29741243
CID:6989	CAS:89-83-8	Thymol	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Obtained from the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China) with a purity >98%.	It is a monoterpene phenol extracted from Lamiaceae family plants, explored as a phytotherapeutic candidate to inhibit the quorum sensing system and counter antibiotic resistance in aquaculture.	No known regulations			It exhibited a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 128 ug/mL against Aeromonas hydrophila (strain XS-91-4-1). At sub-inhibitory concentrations (2 to 16 ug/mL), it significantly reduced hemolytic activity, aerolysin production, and biofilm formation without affecting overall bacterial growth. It down-regulated the transcription of quorum sensing related genes aerA, ahyI, and ahyR. In vitro, it protected A549 mammalian cells from aerolysin-mediated injury. In vivo, gavage administration of 25 mg/mL thymol significantly increased the survival rate of infected channel catfish to 70% compared to 10% in the untreated infected control.	Tested	32349419
CID:70055	CAS:844-51-9	2,5-diphenyl-p-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, and showed a highly favorable therapeutic index due to low host toxicity.	Tested	39837239
CID:702	CAS:64-17-5	Ethyl alcohol	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia	USA	AAPER Alcohol and Chemical Co., Shelbyville, Kentucky	The paper states it is not specifically recommended for food fish aquaculture.	Not approved	USA		It was an effective disinfectant in vitro, significantly reducing or eliminating detectable E. ictaluri and E. tarda organisms rapidly upon contact.	Actively Used	21413505
CID:70291	CAS:935-92-2	2,3,5-trimethylbenzo-1,4-quinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated weak activity, underperforming compared to thymoquinone.	Tested	39837239
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou; and Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing	China	Purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China) with a purity of 99 percent (CAS No. 93106-60-6).	It is a conventional antibiotic utilized in this study to establish the antibiotic resistance profile of the bacterial strain being evaluated.	No known regulations			Used as an antibiotic control against A. hydrophila XS-91-4-1. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to be 4 ug/mL, classifying the strain as resistant according to CLSI guidelines and highlighting the need for alternative treatments like polydatin.	Tested	35909695
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan	China	Purchased from the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China) with a purity of 99 percent (CAS No. 93106-60-6).	It is a conventional antibiotic utilized to evaluate the resistance profile of the bacterial strain used in the study.	No known regulations			It was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the A. hydrophila XS-91-4-1 strain, yielding a value of 4 ug/mL. This value indicated that the bacterial strain was resistant to enrofloxacin, emphasizing the need for alternative anti-virulence treatments.	Tested	35335647
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The study demonstrated that exogenous myo-inositol improved the bactericidal efficacy enrofloxacin against A. hydrophila, suggesting myo-inositol can serve as an adjuvant compound for this antibiotic.	Tested	30184134
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Tested using standard antibiotic sensitivity discs (Hangzhou Microbiological Reagent Co., Ltd.).	Used to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Nocardia seriolae to find effective treatments for fish nocardiosis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. The strain was moderately sensitive (I) to enrofloxacin (10 µg/tablet), producing an inhibitory zone of 18.67±0.94 mm.	Actively Used	38659458
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing	China	Obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany) and dissolved in DMSO.	No regulations mentioned	No known regulations			Evaluated via the broth micro-dilution method against the A. hydrophila strain XS-91-4-1, it demonstrated a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 ug/mL.	Tested	33372840
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Not explicitly stated in the text, but dissolved in DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich) to prepare stock solutions for experiments.	It is a conventional antibiotic evaluated as a comparator to assess the baseline resistance or sensitivity of the A. hydrophila strain.	No known regulations			Evaluated via the broth-dilution method against A. hydrophila strain XS-91-4-1, demonstrating a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 ug/mL.	Tested	32349419
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	University of Almeria, Almeria and University of Venice, Venice	Spain	Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Ausburg, Germany)	"According to toxicity categories established in EU legislation (Directive 93/67/EEC), it is ""not classified"" (n.c.) because it has no toxic effects at the maximum concentration tested."	No known regulations			It is an antibiotic that showed no toxic effects on V. fischeri at the maximum concentration tested (up to 8.4 mg l-1).	Actively Used	17292447
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing	China	Obtained from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China)	Used as a reference antibiotic to establish the resistance profile of the Aeromonas hydrophila strain used in the study.	No known regulations			The MIC of enrofloxacin against the A. hydrophila XS-91-4-1 strain was determined to be 4 µg/mL, indicating that the strain was resistant to this antibiotic.	Tested	40076989
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao; and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan	China	Purchased in Beijing, China (CAS Number: 93106-60-6).	It is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic extensively used in aquaculture. It served as a sensitive antibiotic control in this study to benchmark the efficacy of the immunostimulant treatments against bacterial infection. However, its extended use is noted to drive the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens.	No known regulations			Evaluated against Nocardia seriolae infection in largemouth bass. Administered in feed at 15 mg/kg, it proved highly effective due to direct bactericidal activity, yielding the highest survival rate (80 percent), lowering tissue bacterial loads to nearly undetectable levels, and minimizing tissue granulomas. However, spread plate assays conducted on day 15 revealed that the bacteria isolated from the enrofloxacin-treated group had shifted from sensitive to enrofloxacin-resistant, emphasizing that long-term antibiotic application is not the optimal therapy due to resistance emergence.	Tested	37894188
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaiba, Parnaiba; Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza; Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical, Fortaleza; Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Aracaju; and Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral	Brazil	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a conventional antibiotic utilized as a positive control to benchmark the antibacterial efficacy of the plant essential oils against Vibrio parahaemolyticus.	No known regulations			Exhibited an MIC of 0.15 ug/mL and MBC of 0.31 ug/mL against V. parahaemolyticus strain OCI 18950. Against the farmed shrimp isolate, the MIC and MBC were 2.07 ug/mL and 0.31 ug/mL, respectively.	Tested	36790271
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou	China	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States).	It is a conventional antibiotic utilized in this study as a control to compare antibacterial activity.	No known regulations			It was used as a positive control in the micro-dilution assays to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration against the A. hydrophila strain XS-91-4-1, demonstrating an MIC of 4 ug/ml.	Tested	34650438
CID:71188	CAS:93106-60-6	Enrofloxacin	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is a quinolone antibiotic used in the study to assess the ability of quercetin to modulate antibiotic resistance against A. hydrophila.	No known regulations			Screened in vitro against A. hydrophila. The addition of 30 ug/mL of quercetin to the antibiotic treatment reduced bacterial viability compared to treatment with the antibiotic alone.	Tested	35884183
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia	USA	Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	It is FDA-approved as an external parasiticide for controlling external protozoa, parasites, and monogenetic trematodes on cultured finfish, finfish eggs, and penaeid shrimp, and as a fungicide for finfish eggs.	Approved	USA		It was deemed ineffective for disinfection in this study, as it did not substantially reduce bacterial counts for E. ictaluri and E. tarda even after extended contact times.	Actively Used	21413505
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka	Japan	Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan	The paper does not mention specific governmental regulations; it only notes that it is widely used in aquaculture to treat ectoparasitic infections.	No known regulations			Used as an anti-ectoparasitic chemical with microbicidal and pesticidal effects. Exposure (300 ppm for 3.5 h or 30 ppm for 9.5 h) caused CRP levels to increase to a maximum at 6 or 9 days after exposure, before decreasing significantly below normal at 18 days.	Actively Used	15110333
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Faculty of Sciences, Monastir University, Monastir; and National Institute of Science and Technology of the Sea, Monastir	Tunisia	Commercially purchased as Formaldehyde 37% from BASF Company, Germany.	Reclassified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2006 as a Group 1 human carcinogen. Despite its known toxicity, it is commonly applied in aquaculture as an anti-parasitic agent. Regulated by World Health Organization and the United States Environmental Protection Agency - intake were 0.15 and 0.2 mg/kg BW/day suggested, respectively. 	Regulated	WHO		Evaluated in vivo on sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) at a therapeutic bath dose of 200 ml/m³ (200 ppm) for 10 days. It induced significant liver damage (vacuolization, sinusoid dilatation, and restrained focal necrosis) and severe oxidative stress (elevated catalase activity and MDA levels). Its combination with oxytetracycline caused severe loss of liver integrity, nuclear degeneration, and intense necrosis, indicating a highly toxic cumulative effect when these chemicals are used together.	Actively Used	38549574
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela and Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, CSIC, Jaca	Spain	Merck, Germany	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is commonly used to treat ectoparasitic infections and is effective in killing free forms of scuticociliates. The study found total resistance to it to be very similar among the tested isolates. However, the paper notes it is not environmentally friendly and is toxic to fish and other living organisms.	Actively Used	21987103
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory of the Fisheries Institute, São Paulo, SP	Brazil	Labsynth	It is the only fungicide approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), despite warnings from the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding its potential carcinogenicity. However, there are no specific laws for the proper use of this chemical in aquaculture.	Approved	USA		It is an aqueous solution of 37 to 40% formaldehyde widely used in aquaculture for the prophylaxis and treatment of parasites and fungi. The study evaluated its acute toxic and genotoxic effects on Danio rerio (zebrafish). Chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations caused genotoxic effects, evidenced by a significant, concentration-dependent increase in the incidence of micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes.	Actively Used	30421321
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Universidad de Cadiz, Puerto Real; Instituto Español de Oceanografía, A Coruña; and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela	Spain	Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, St. Louis, USA	Regulations for maximum permissible levels of disinfection by-products have been established by the World Health Organization (WHO).	Regulated	WHO		It is a disinfectant used worldwide as an antifungal agent (piscicide) to control ectoparasites and to remove ammonia from shrimp ponds. It is known to be highly toxic to sea urchins, as it is used to block larval development in bioassays.	Actively Used	22562751
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu; Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Advanced Studies Complex, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; and Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia	No mention	It is a toxic chemical commonly used in the aquaculture industry to control Vibriosis and prevent parasite infestations. However, its use has serious negative impacts on fish, humans, and the ecosystem, necessitating the development of safer biological control agents.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a positive control at a concentration of 0.25 percent (v/v) against the parasitic leech Zeylanicobdella arugamensis. It achieved 100 percent mortality of the parasitic leeches in a rapid mean time of 3.62 minutes.	Tested	37630329
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Fisheries Institute, APTA, SAA, São Paulo and State University of Sao Paulo, UNESP, Santos, São Paulo	Brazil	Vetec, Brazil	It was reclassified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as carcinogenic to humans.	No known regulations		IARC Group 1 carcinogen	It is a fungicide and disinfectant used in aquaculture to treat parasitic diseases and for fungal control. The study determined its acute toxicity and evaluated its genotoxic effects in bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus). Exposure resulted in significant mortality, and surviving tadpoles showed an increased micronucleus frequency in their erythrocytes, indicating that the chemical is genotoxic to this species.	Actively Used	26266476
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao; and Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent	China|Belgium	Purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co..	Evaluated for its disinfection efficacy against aquaculture pathogens.	No known regulations			It showed an MIC range of 100 to 160 mg/L and an MBC range of 160 to 200 mg/L against the AHPND-causing Vibrio isolates. Its inhibitory activity was weaker compared to glutaraldehyde.	Tested	32720097
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Obtained from Synth, Brazil.	Evaluated as an aquaculture disinfectant to control pathogens.	No known regulations			It showed bactericidal activity against the A. hydrophila strain, with an MIC of 0.0586 mL/L and an MBC of 0.2344 mL/L.	Actively Used	32966864
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Laboratoire Génome, Diagnostic Immunitaire et Valorisation, ISBM, Monastir; Marine and Environmental Toxicology, UR 09-03-IPEIS, Sfax University; and Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Monastir	Tunisia	BASF, Germany	It was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a human carcinogen (Group 1) due to evidence linking it to nasopharyngeal cancer.	No known regulations		IARC Group 1 carcinogen	Applied prophylactically as an anti-parasitic agent against protozoa and monogenetic trematodes. The study found it presents genotoxic and cytotoxic potential, increasing the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in sea bass. Combined exposure with oxytetracycline induces a pronounced cumulative effect.	Actively Used	21621636
CID:712	CAS:50-00-0	Formaldehyde	Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok; Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok; and Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok	Thailand	200 ppm formalin 40% (40% formalin active ingredient; AICA Asia Pacific Holding Pte. Ltd)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text, but it is noted as a common aquaculture disinfectant whose appropriate use should be promoted to limit the spread of tilapia lake virus (TiLV).	No known regulations			It was evaluated for its virucidal effects against TiLV using a final active ingredient concentration of 80 ppm. It did not demonstrate significant reduction at 1 or 10 minutes, but an extended 60-minute exposure showed reduction of the virus.	Actively Used	31322740
CID:71482	CAS:35575-96-3	Azamethiphos	NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Randaberg; and The Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo	Norway	Tested as the commercial product Salmosan (active ingredient azamethiphos).	It is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used topically in salmon aquaculture to control sea lice, directly discharged to the sea after treatment, raising concerns for non-target organisms.	No known regulations			Evaluated on adult P. borealis at a mean measured concentration of 30 ng/L. Exposure induced several periods of significantly increased activity within the first 10 hours and an extended period of reduced activity post-exposure. No morbidity or mortality was observed at this concentration. Residues were not detected in tissues 30 hours post-exposure, indicating a low accumulation potential.	Actively Used	34555744
CID:71482	CAS:35575-96-3	Azamethiphos	NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Mekjarvik; The Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo; Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester; and Burridge Consulting Inc., Stratford PE	Norway	Formulated as Salmosan. Analytical standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.	It is an anti-parasitic pesticide used in salmon farms and discharged into the surrounding coastal marine environment.	No known regulations			It is a neurotoxin that acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, causing acetylcholine to accumulate and resulting in paralysis. When shrimp larvae were exposed to a concentration of 100 (a 1000-fold dilution), it did not cause the significant mortality or developmental failure seen with deltamethrin. However, swimming activity was noticeably lower for treated larvae 13 days post-hatch when fed daily. When exposed larvae were subjected to a subsequent starvation stressor, their swimming activity and feeding rates declined further, and expression of the pyruvate kinase and myosin genes was significantly downregulated.	Actively Used	32112997
CID:71482	CAS:35575-96-3	Azamethiphos	Kames Fish Farming Ltd., Loch Melford, western Scotland	UK	Salmosan Vet (azamethiphos 500 powder formulation)	It is registered for use in salmon aquaculture in Norway, Ireland, Scotland, and Chile.	Approved	Norway|Ireland|Scotland|Chile		It is an organophosphate insecticide and the active ingredient in a powder formulation used for bath treatments against sea lice. It acts as a neurotoxic agent, causing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. The study evaluated the cumulative effect of three consecutive treatments with a concentration of 0.2 for 45 on the health status of aquaculture-reared rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Results indicated that consecutive treatments caused an impact through intravascular haemolysis, red blood cell degradation, accumulation of oxidized ferric iron in tissues, and subsequent chronic kidney injury.	Actively Used	31700034
CID:71482	CAS:35575-96-3	Azamethiphos	Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción	Chile	Bayer	The extensive use of pyrethroids in the aquaculture industry has negatively impacted parasite sensitivity to their delousing effects. These chemicals are becoming resistant	No known regulations			It is an organophosphate insecticide used for sea lice control. Sea lice adults exposed to 1, 3, and 10 ppb of azamethiphos demonstrated transcriptomic profile modifications in the NOTCH signaling pathway and ABC transporters, with 10 ppb acting as a threshold concentration needed to activate downstream NOTCH components. The data suggests that frequent application increases the activity of inhibitory mRNA components, promoting conditions for increased resistance.	Actively Used	27187362
CID:71482	CAS:35575-96-3	Azamethiphos	Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC	Canada	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON) with greater than 99 percent purity.	It is the active ingredient in Salmosan, which was fully registered in Canada in 2017 and is one of the three fully registered products currently allowed.	Registered	Canada		Acute 48-hour water exposure on pink salmon fry resulted in an LC50 of 80 ug/L. Avoidance behavior was most pronounced for this chemical, occurring at concentrations as low as 50 ug/L. It caused a concentration-dependent decrease in olfactory responsiveness, with significant reduction observed at 20 ug/L. Swimming performance significantly decreased at 10 ug/L.	Actively Used	34628582
CID:71777	CAS:103055-07-8	Lufenuron	Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown; Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria; Elanco Canada Limited, Guelph; Elanco Centre de Recherche Santé Animale SA, St.-Aubin; and INVENesis LLC, Neuchâtel	Canada 	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a benzoylurea compound evaluated for its high-level efficacy against sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in aquaculture. The study investigated its mechanism of action, revealing that its efficacy is linked to a rapid and significant impact on the moulting processes of the parasite, as analyzed through transcriptomics.	Actively Used	29627513
CID:71853	CAS:9012-76-4	Chitosan	Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Institute of Technology, Taipei	Taiwan	Shin Dar Biotechnology Company (Taipei, Taiwan)	The paper notes regulatory limits for pollutants in aquaculture wastewater, but does not mention specific governmental regulations regarding the use of chitosan itself.	No known regulations			Originates from crab shells and acts as a cationic polyelectrolyte. Found to be highly effective as a coagulant, adsorbent, and bactericide for treating aquaculture wastewater. It significantly removes turbidity, suspended solids, COD, ammonia, and phosphate, and selectively removes pathogens like Edwardsiella ictaluri while leaving beneficial nitrifying bacteria relatively unaffected. Proposed to have a larger role in treating wastewater. 	Tested	17203601
CID:72	CAS:99-50-3	Protocatechuic acid	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Phytochemical compound assessed as part of a screen to identify safe and effective alternative agents for controlling Chilodonella uncinata infections.	"Investigated as a safe and environmentally friendly ""green medicine"" alternative to traditional chemical drugs and antibiotics for the treatment of chilodonellosis in aquaculture."	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo using an Artemia salina infection model to determine its anti-parasitic efficacy against Chilodonella uncinata. At a concentration of 10 mg/L over a 24-hour period, protocatechuic acid exhibited a maximum anti-parasite efficacy of 21%.	Tested	39395598
CID:72276	CAS:490-46-0	Epicatechin	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Stock solutions prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the compound in 1 mL of DMSO solution.	Investigated as a safe, plant-derived alternative (phytochemical) to antibiotics for managing nocardiosis infections, given concerns over rising antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. At a dose of 0.5 mg, it produced an inhibitory zone of 19.67±1.53 mm.	Tested	38659458
CID:72276	CAS:490-46-0	Epicatechin	U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Center for Natural Products Research, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from the ethyl acetate/methanol extract of mangosteen pericarp.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was tested for antibacterial activity against F. columnare and showed the lowest activity among the purified compounds.	Tested	29635710
CID:72276	CAS:490-46-0	Epicatechin	Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Nanning; College of Food Science and Quality Engineering, Nanning University, Nanning; Guangxi Fisheries Technology Extension Station, Nanning; Qinzhou Fisheries Technology Extension Station, Nanning; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning	China	Epicatechin is a polyphenolic compound found in high concentrations in green tea, cocoa, black grapes, chocolate, apples, raspberries, and cherries.	"Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is a highly pathogenic virus causing massive losses in grouper aquaculture. Currently, there are no licensed antiviral treatments available. Epicatechin is investigated as a potential ""green drug"" alternative to combat SGIV, offering an environmentally friendly approach to viral disease management in aquaculture."	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro using grouper spleen (GS) cells and FHM cells, and in vivo in hybrid groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × E. lanceolatus). In vitro, Epicatechin (at a safe concentration of 50 µg/mL) significantly inhibited SGIV replication and cytopathic effects in a concentration-dependent manner. It exerted antiviral effects when administered both before and after viral infection. Mechanistically, Epicatechin interacted directly with SGIV particles and interfered with the invasion and replication stages of the viral life cycle. It also modulated the host immune response by upregulating interferon-related genes (IFN, TRAF6, ISG15, IRF3, IRF7, TLR9, and MyD88), downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL1-β), and notably inhibiting SGIV-induced cell apoptosis. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of Epicatechin significantly enhanced the survival rate of SGIV-infected groupers (up to 50% survival at 16 mg/L) and markedly reduced viral gene expression in the spleen and liver.	Tested	40222693
CID:72300	CAS:528-43-8	Magnolol	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; Shenzhen Research Institute, Northwest A&F University, Shenzhen; and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning	China	Purchased with greater than 99 percent purity from Aladdin Biochemical Technology (Shanghai, China).	It is a small-molecule polyphenol isolated from the bark of Magnolia officinalis, which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicines and exhibits broad antimicrobial and antiviral properties.	No known regulations			Evaluated against Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV). In vitro, it showed a 20 percent cytotoxic concentration (CC20) of 38.86 uM with an inhibitory rate of 90.69 percent, and a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 19.06 uM. In vivo, an intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg increased the survival rate of MSRV-infected largemouth bass fingerlings by 44.6 percent compared to the infected control group, while significantly decreasing the viral load in the liver, spleen, and kidney.	Tested	35891401
CID:72300	CAS:528-43-8	Magnolol	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Stock solutions prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the compound in 1 mL of DMSO solution.	Investigated as a safe, plant-derived alternative (phytochemical) to antibiotics for managing nocardiosis infections, given concerns over rising antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. It demonstrated substantial inhibitory effects, producing an inhibitory zone of 28.33±0.57 mm at a dose of 0.5 mg.	Tested	38659458
CID:72936	CAS:97938-30-2	Sophoraflavanone-G	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Purified from shrubby sophora (Sophora flavescens) using a bioassay-guided isolation method.	Herbal medicines and phytochemicals are generally preferred due to their less harmful nature to nontarget organisms and their innate biodegradability.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against adult N. girellae, it demonstrated 100 percent mortality after 8 hours at concentrations greater than or equal to 125 mg/L. The 8-hour LC50 was 63.7 mg/L.	Tested	33905159
CID:7628	CAS:10043-35-3	Boric acid	Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA	Sweden	Used as a positive control in the study. Dissolved in water for the assays.	It inhibits germination and colonization, but an excess of boron can affect DNA integrity and adversely impact fish growth, limiting its practical use.	No known regulations			It arrested mycelial growth with an MIC of 400 ug/ml in both liquid Machlis medium and PDA plates. Under optical microscopy, pronounced hyper-branching of the S. parasitica hyphae was visible.	Actively Used	33178154
CID:7628	CAS:10043-35-3	Boric acid	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Not explicitly stated in the text.	It has been used since the 19th century as a bactericide, fungicide, and in human medicine.	No known regulations			Complete inhibition (MIC) was achieved at 1,000 ppm, though it considerably slowed down mycelium growth at 500 ppm. MLC was not determined at the tested concentrations.	Tested	30536642
CID:76621	CAS:3160-91-6	Moroxydine hydrochloride	College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Evaluated as part of a panel of nine drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.	No known regulations			In vitro LC10 was greater than 250 mg/L; in vivo LC10 was greater than 100 mg/L. In preliminary screening, it showed weak anti-NNV activity and was not selected for further evaluation.	Tested	34962648
CID:76621	CAS:3160-91-6	Moroxydine hydrochloride	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Analytical grade, purchased from Macklin Chemistry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Existing antiviral drugs are being screened as potential therapeutic agents to combat WSSV in crustacean aquaculture.	No known regulations			Screened against WSSV in P. clarkii. At a dose of 50 mg/kg, it demonstrated an inhibition rate of 68.15 percent against WSSV replication, classifying it as an effective agent, albeit less potent than acyclovir and ribavirin. Its safe concentration in crayfish was greater than 100 mg/kg.	Tested	34555435
CID:76959646	CAS:86831-54-1	Rhodiosin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.693. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 11.323 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 13.245 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
CID:7794	CAS:106-23-0	Citronellal	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Schnelldorf, Germany	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Displayed weak antibacterial activity, requiring MIC values of 3256 or greater.	Tested	32119179
CID:78000	CAS:204255-11-8	Oseltamivir phosphate	College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Evaluated as a drug with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.	No known regulations			In vitro LC10 was greater than 250 mg/L, and in vivo LC10 was greater than 100 mg/L. It inhibited NNV replication with an IC90 of 106.75 mg/L in vitro. It relieved cytopathic effects in SSN-1 cells at day 2 but was inefficient by day 7.	Tested	34962648
CID:784	CAS:7722-84-1	Hydrogen Peroxide	Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok; Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok; and Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok	Thailand	600 ppm INTEROX® ST50 (50% hydrogen peroxide active ingredient; Solvay Interox Ltd)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was tested against TiLV at a final active ingredient concentration of 300 ppm. Its efficacy was significantly reduced to a titre reduction.	Actively Used	31322740
CID:784	CAS:7722-84-1	Hydrogen Peroxide	U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin	USA	Akzo Nobel, Columbus, MS, USA (as 35% Perox-Aid®)	The text explicitly states that 35% Perox-Aid® was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a therapeutic drug in aquaculture to control mortality associated with saprolegniasis on freshwater-reared finfish eggs and external bacterial infections on freshwater-reared finfish.	Approved	USA		It is a highly oxidative chemical. The study evaluated its chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna and found that continuous exposure 1.25 mg L-1 for 21 days did not significantly affect the time to death, but concentrations > 0.32 mg L-1 reduced growth compared to untreated controls.	Actively Used	18206212
CID:784	CAS:7722-84-1	Hydrogen Peroxide	Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig	Egypt	Evaluated as a commercially produced combined product (AgNPs-H2O2).	Investigated as a safe, effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional antibiotics due to the widespread issue of multidrug resistance (MDR) in aquaculture pathogens.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against multidrug-resistant pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio species) isolated from Nile tilapia and marine water. The combination of H2O2 and AgNPs demonstrated a synergistic bactericidal effect, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.5 to 8 µg/mL. AgNPs catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 into highly potent hydroxyl radicals, causing extensive damage to bacterial cellular components. Furthermore, sub-inhibitory concentrations significantly down-regulated crucial virulence genes (aerA, exoU, and trh) in the tested pathogens.	Tested	38575637
CID:784	CAS:7722-84-1	Hydrogen Peroxide	Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela and Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, CSIC, Jaca	Spain	Merck, Germany	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is commonly used to treat ectoparasitic infections and is toxic to ciliates. The study observed that resistance to this compound varied widely among different isolates, which may be related to differences in the production of detoxifying enzymes like catalase and peroxidases. It decomposes rapidly and is noted to be toxic to fish.	Actively Used	21987103
CID:784	CAS:7722-84-1	Hydrogen Peroxide	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Not explicitly stated in the text.	One commercial formulation (Perox-Aid) is approved by the FDA for use in hatcheries.	Approved	USA		MIC and MLC were 5,000 ppm for all tested strains, but slower growth was observed at 250 ppm after 24 hours. 	Actively Used	30536642
CID:784	CAS:7722-84-1	Hydrogen Peroxide	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Obtained from Dinamica, Brazil.	Evaluated as a disinfectant to reduce contamination risks in aquaculture.	No known regulations			It demonstrated bactericidal activity against A. hydrophila, exhibiting an MIC of 7.5 mL/L and an MBC of 7.5 mL/L.	Actively Used	32966864
CID:784	CAS:7722-84-1	Hydrogen Peroxide	Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC	Canada	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON) as a 30 percent solution.	It is the active ingredient in Paramove 50, which was fully registered in Canada in 2016. It poses a relatively low risk to the marine environment because its metabolites are simply water and oxygen.	Registered	Canada		It was the least toxic chemical tested on pink salmon fry, with an acute 48-hour LC50 of 227 mg/L. It initiated limited avoidance at 50 to 80 mg/L. It caused no significant decrease in olfactory responsiveness. It significantly decreased critical swimming speed (Ucrit) at 100 mg/L.	Actively Used	34628582
CID:784	CAS:7722-84-1	Hydrogen Peroxide	Machrihanish Marine Environmental Research Laboratory, Institute of Aquaculture, Stirling, Scotland; and Genetics and Reproduction Group, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling	UK	Not explicitly stated in the text.	The text notes that despite being a powerful oxidizer, it rapidly decomposes in water leaving no toxic products, and is commonly used by salmon farmers.	No known regulations			"It is a therapeutant commonly used as a bath treatment at concentrations between 1500 and 2000 mg/L to treat topical skin and gill infections, such as sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and amoebic gill disease (Neoparamoeba perurans) in Atlantic salmon. The study demonstrated ""chronotoxicity,"" showing that the fish's physiological and oxidative stress responses to the chemical significantly depend on the time of day it is administered, with higher sublethal toxic effects observed during the first half of the day."	Actively Used	27058450
CID:784	CAS:7722-84-1	Hydrogen Peroxide	Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, As; and Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Tromso	Norway	It is a component (20 percent) of the commercial equilibrium mixture Perfectin obtained from Lilleborg AS, Oslo, Norway.	It is a constituent of the peracetic acid mixture, which is considered relatively safe for the environment due to its breakdown products.	No known regulations			Present as a constituent of the commercial mixture evaluated as a repeated bath treatment for Atlantic salmon. It functions alongside peracetic acid as an oxidative stressor, contributing to the transient suppression of immune and structural genes in the olfactory mucosa before the fish build tolerance.	Tested	33218110
CID:784	CAS:7722-84-1	Hydrogen Peroxide	Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands; and Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø	Spain	30% solution obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical, USA (Cat. 216,763-M).	Approved by the European Commission for health care and veterinary settings. It acts by direct oxidative disruption of cell membranes via hydroxyl radicals. Tested as a biocide for aquaculture biosecurity protocols.	Approved	EU		Evaluated in vitro against the free-living planktonic state and biofilms of Vibrio spp. and P. damselae subsp. piscicida. Hydrogen Peroxide (HydP) required much higher concentrations to be effective compared to Peracetic Acid. Its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) ranged from 2.5% to 8% for free-living bacteria. For biofilm eradication (MBEC), HydP required a concentration of 10.0%, which is 10,000 times higher than that required by PerA, and it was significantly slower-acting. In vivo toxicity testing showed that adding 5.0% HydP directly to the water caused significant mortality in juvenile Gilthead seabream after 19 hours.	Actively Used	39175494
CID:784	CAS:7722-84-1	Hydrogen Peroxide	Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao; and Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Gent	China|Belgium	Purchased from Lircon Disinfection Technology Co., Ltd.	It has no toxic decomposition residue and is approved by the FDA for the control of mortality in freshwater-reared finfish.	Approved	USA		It displayed the second strongest inhibitory effect overall, with an MIC range of 10 to 14 mg/L and an MBC range of 14 to 20 mg/L. It had a 96-hour LC50 of 31.4 mg/L and a safe concentration of 3.14 mg/L. In immersion challenge tests, a dose of 12 mg/L provided a satisfying protection effect against Vibrio parahaemolyticus with an 84% survival rate.	Actively Used	32720097
CID:807	CAS:7553-56-2	Iodine	Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok; Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok; and Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok	Thailand	200 ppm Soludine (1.25% iodine active ingredient; Advance Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., Ltd)	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Evaluated against TiLV at a final active ingredient concentration of 2.5 ppm. It successfully achieved a reduction after 10 minutes in hard water. Under low-soiling conditions, it lost its capability to inhibit the virus, showing a reduction.	Actively Used	31322740
CID:8215	CAS:112-85-6	Behenic Acid	Department of Food Technology, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru; and Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Bengaluru	India	Pure chemical compound (99% purity) was purchased from Merck, Sigma Aldrich, Germany (catalogue number 216941).	Identified as a significant natural product phytochemical (docosanoic acid) present in various nuts and seeds. While commonly used in dietary supplements and personal care products for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, this study identifies its new application as a potent multi-target inhibiting antibacterial agent for managing aquaculture infections.	No known regulations			Identified through virtual screening of 5,112 molecules as a multi-target inhibitor against Catalase Peroxidase, Adenylosuccinate Synthetase, and Pyridoxine 5'-Phosphate Synthase. In-vitro assays demonstrated a 20 mm zone of inhibition and a Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 50 ug/ml against V. parahaemolyticus and A. hydrophila. In-vivo zebrafish trials confirmed its efficacy, showing a dose-dependent recovery from infection. Fishes fed with 100 ug/day exhibited the highest survival and recovery rates with no significant ulceration or necrosis.	Tested	38353487
CID:8371	CAS:118-75-2	Tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, and resulted in a favorable therapeutic index.	Tested	39837239
CID:8378	CAS:1404-04-2	Neomycin	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Tested using standard antibiotic sensitivity discs (Hangzhou Microbiological Reagent Co., Ltd.).	Used to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Nocardia seriolae to find effective treatments for fish nocardiosis.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. The strain was moderately sensitive (I) to neomycin (30 µg/tablet), producing an inhibitory zone of 16.00±2.94 mm.	Actively Used	38659458
CID:8378	CAS:1404-04-2	Neomycin	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in the study to assess the ability of quercetin to modulate antibiotic resistance against A. hydrophila.	No known regulations			Screened in vitro against A. hydrophila. The addition of 30 ug/mL of quercetin to the antibiotic treatment reduced bacterial viability compared to treatment with the antibiotic alone.	Tested	35884183
CID:8378	CAS:1404-04-2	Neomycin	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	Included in sensitivity screening to map the multidrug-resistant profile of the isolated pathogen.	No known regulations			Tested via disc diffusion; the pathogen was resistant to it (inhibition zone size of 0).	Tested	32207876
CID:83969	CAS:54029-12-8	Albendazole oxide	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. or Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. with high purity.	A common benzimidazole evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent against monogeneans in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo for anthelmintic efficacy against Gyrodactylus kobayashii and for acute toxicity in goldfish.	Tested	39992024
CID:84029	CAS:81103-11-9	Clarithromycin	Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala; and National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala	India	Not mentioned. 	Tested as part of an antimicrobial sensitivity assay against the Klebsiella pneumoniae THK strain to evaluate its resistance profile.	No known regulations			Evaluated against a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (THK) isolated from an aquaculture farm. The strain exhibited complete resistance to this drug, displaying an MIC of 64 ug/mL.	Tested	37970451
CID:84029	CAS:81103-11-9	Clarithromycin	Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing; National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing; National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing	China	TCI Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China)	Great caution should be taken due to the huge consumption of MALs for food animal production.	No known regulations			It is a macrolide antibiotic. In zebrafish embryos at 2 dpf, it caused a biphasic change in heart rate, showing tachycardia at concentrations between 3.13 and 12.5 mg/L and bradycardia at 100 mg/L.	Actively Used	30308910
CID:8530	CAS:130-15-4	1,4-naphthoquinone	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Designed and tested as a structural derivative of plumbagin and shikonin.	Identified as the critical structural element enabling potent antiparasitic activity and investigated as a highly potent and safe alternative compound to control Gyrodactylus infections, circumventing resistance issues of traditional pesticides.	No known regulations			Synthesized/derived from plumbagin by removing both the R1 and R2 groups to explore the structure-activity relationship against Gyrodactylus parasites. It demonstrated the most potent and safest profile among the tested derivatives. In in vivo anthelmintic activity assays on goldfish, it exhibited a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 0.047 mg/L, a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.23 mg/L, and a high Therapeutic Index (TI) of 4.893.	Tested	38522112
CID:86325777	CAS:775351-88-7	Corylifol A	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Chengdu Mansite Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China) (CAS No. 775351-88-7) and dissolved in DMSO.	It is an isoflavone identified as a constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine Psoralea corylifolia. It was investigated as a potential natural alternative to conventional chemical treatments.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the ciliated protozoan parasite Tetrahymena piriformis. It exhibited moderate antiparasitic activity, achieving a minimum parasiticidal concentration of 12.5 mg/L within a 2-hour exposure period.	Tested	38518713
CID:8718	CAS:137-18-8	2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, but showed higher toxicity to the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:875	CAS:87-69-4	Tartaric acid	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Not explicitly stated in the text.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			MIC was 500 ppm for S. parasitica and 1,000 ppm for S. delica. MLC was not determined at the tested concentrations.	Tested	30536642
CID:892	CAS:87-89-8	Myo-inositol	College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang	China	Not explicitly stated in the text.	It is classified as a vitamin-like nutrient and an essential nutrient for the growth of fish.	No known regulations			Beyond its nutritional role and ability to prevent oxidative damage, it acts as an efficient antibiotic adjuvant. It significantly improved the bactericidal capability of florfenicol, neomycin sulfate, ceftriaxone, and enrofloxacin against A. hydrophila. Myo-inositol alone also exhibited a significant protective effect against A. hydrophila infection in common carp.	Tested	30184134
CID:91466	CAS:519-02-8	Matrine	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Phytochemical compound assessed as part of a screen to identify safe and effective alternative agents for controlling Chilodonella uncinata infections.	"Investigated as a safe and environmentally friendly ""green medicine"" alternative to traditional chemical drugs and antibiotics for the treatment of chilodonellosis in aquaculture."	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo using an Artemia salina infection model to determine its anti-parasitic efficacy against Chilodonella uncinata. At a concentration of 10 mg/L over a 24-hour period, matrine exhibited a maximum anti-parasite efficacy of 15%.	Tested	39395598
CID:91466	CAS:519-02-8	Matrine	School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou; and Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo	China	Stock solutions prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the compound in 1 mL of DMSO solution.	Investigated as a safe, plant-derived alternative (phytochemical) to antibiotics for managing nocardiosis infections, given concerns over rising antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against the highly pathogenic Nocardia seriolae strain LY21811. At a dose of 0.5 mg, it produced an inhibitory zone of 11.33±1.15 mm.	Tested	38659458
CID:91590	CAS:28159-98-0	Irgarol 1051	Hatsukaichi Branch, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima; Fisheries and Ocean Technologies Center, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, Kure, Hiroshima; and Goto Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Goto, Nagasaki	Japan	Purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan) with 98 percent purity.	It is an antifouling booster biocide used globally on ship hulls to replace prohibited organotins, resulting in its detection at sub-ppb levels in seawater.	No known regulations			Evaluated for embryotoxicity in Pacific oysters. The 24-hour NOEC was approximately 7.0 ug/L based on actual measured concentrations. Environmental concentrations in Hiroshima Bay ranged from 0.3 to 3.2 ng/L. Similar to diuron, the risk to oyster embryos is considered low because the environmental concentrations are significantly below the NOEC.	Actively Used	34494197
CID:91688	CAS:64359-81-5	4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one	Hatsukaichi Branch, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima; Fisheries and Ocean Technologies Center, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, Kure, Hiroshima; and Goto Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Goto, Nagasaki	Japan	Purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan) with 98 percent purity; it is the active ingredient in Sea-Nine 211 Antifouling Agent.	It is used globally as an antifouling biocide. It is unstable in the seawater column and degrades rapidly via biodegradation, making it critical to evaluate its toxicity based on actual rather than nominal concentrations.	No known regulations			It exhibited a much higher toxicity toward oyster embryos compared to diuron and Irgarol. The minimum 24-hour NOEC for oyster embryos was less than 0.003 ug/L (less than 3 ng/L), and the NOEC for larvae settlement inhibition was 0.16 ug/L. Environmental concentrations in Hiroshima Bay reached up to 24 ng/L. Because the embryotoxicity NOEC is lower than environmental concentrations, DCOIT poses a high ecological risk and is a possible cause for poor and unstable Pacific oyster spat settlement in the region. The study authors recommend strategies to minimize its use.	Actively Used	34494197
CID:91734	CAS:83121-18-0	Teflubenzuron	Aquaculture Center, São Paulo State University (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, SP; Weed Science Environmental Research Studies, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP; University Center of Educational Foundation of Barretos (Unifeb), Barretos, SP; AquiVet Aquatic Health, São José do Rio Preto, SP; and Fisheries Institute, São Paulo, SP	Brazil	Nomolt 150 g L⁻¹	U.S. EPA authorized it (as Calicide) for use as an in-feed sea lice treatment in marine cage salmon farms. The authors conclude it has the potential to be used in Brazilian aquaculture, standing in contrast to other toxic therapeutics not registered by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA).	Approved	USA		It is a urea-derived insecticide that acts as a chitin synthesis inhibitor, regulating the growth of arthropods and crustaceans. The study found it to be practically non-toxic (LC50 > 1000 mg/L) to both Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Therapeutic baths demonstrated high efficacy in reducing infestations of Trichodina species (T. magna, T. heterodentata, T. compacta, and T. centrostrigeata) on the fish.	Actively Used	25913667
CID:91734	CAS:83121-18-0	Teflubenzuron	Institute of Marine Research, Bergen; and Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø	Norway	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	It is widely used against sea lice in North Atlantic aquaculture, though concerns exist regarding its environmental threat to non-targeted crustaceans.	No known regulations			It is a benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitor. The study evaluated whole-animal accumulation, oxidative stress, transcriptomic, and metabolomic responses in the pink shrimp (Pandalus montagui) exposed to dietary teflubenzuron. 	Actively Used	30345541
CID:91734	CAS:83121-18-0	Teflubenzuron	National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø; and Institute of Marine Research, Fish Disease Group, Bergen	Norway	Not explicitly stated in the provided text.	Concerns have been raised over the environmental impacts of antiparasitic drugs like teflubenzuron used to delouse farmed salmon, as they can have a negative impact on non-targeted crustaceans in the vicinity of farming facilities.	No known regulations			It is an insecticide and antiparasitic drug used in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. The study examined its molecular effects and accumulation in a non-target species inhabiting the littoral zone, the rockpool shrimp (Palaemon elegans). The shrimp were exposed for 98 days to a dose representing 2% of a regular teflubenzuron medication applied to Atlantic salmon, and accumulation was studied in whole body samples for gene expression analysis.	Actively Used	28939506
CID:92965	CAS:511-15-9	Totarol	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Isolated from Brazilian brown propolis, which was collected in Angatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.	Investigated as a natural, environmentally friendly antibacterial compound to treat ESC and columnaris disease in channel catfish, aiming to replace conventional antibiotics and harsh chemicals.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae and E. ictaluri.  	Tested	39387133
CID:9415	CAS:315-22-0	Monocrotaline	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Synthetic compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	New synthetic alternatives are being investigated due to resistance and bans associated with currently used treatments like formalin and praziquantel.	No known regulations			It reached 100 percent mortality against S. chrysophrii rapidly, after 1 hour at the highest concentration (1 mM). It demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against V. harveyi at 10 uM.	Tested	34451443
CID:9547215	CAS:465-21-4	Bufalin	Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin	China	Screened from a traditional Chinese medicine monomer library (HY-L065) purchased from MedChemExpress (Shanghai, China).	It is a cardiac glycoside extracted from the parotid venom glands and skin epidermal glands of the Chinese toad Bufo gargarizans. While traditionally used for cardiovascular diseases and cancer research, it is being investigated as a novel antiviral candidate to prevent Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) due to the biosafety concerns and limited availability of existing DNA vaccines.	No known regulations			Evaluated against Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) in vitro using EPC cells and in vivo in rainbow trout. In vitro, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.1223 micromolar, with a cytotoxic concentration (CC50) greater than 20 micromolar. It effectively inhibited multiple IHNV strains (Sn1203, Blk94, LN-15, QH-17). Mechanistically, it blocks viral attachment and RNA replication by targeting Na/K-ATPase. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mg/kg significantly increased rainbow trout survival (81% relative percentage survival) and reduced viral loads in the head kidney and other organs compared to mock-treated groups.	Tested	38289115
CID:9552081	CAS:18472-51-0	Chlorhexidine gluconate	ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal	India	Not mentioned.	It is a widely used, broad-spectrum antiseptic with a good safety profile and low toxicity, commonly used in cosmetics, dentistry, and for surgical wounds. It is being investigated as a safe alternative to malachite green, which was previously used to treat oomycete infections but was banned in aquaculture due to its carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties.	No known regulations			Evaluated for its anti-oomycete activity against Saprolegnia parasitica and S. australis. Molecular docking revealed it binds strongly to vital Saprolegnia proteins, including TKL protein kinase, plasma membrane ATPase, and SpHtp1, via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. In vitro, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for S. parasitica were both 50 mg/L. For S. australis, the MIC was 100 mg/L and the MFC was 200 mg/L. Concentrations of 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L completely inhibited the radial growth of Saprolegnia hyphae. It kills the pathogen by disrupting the cell membrane, which was confirmed by a propidium iodide uptake assay. Additionally, short dip treatments of live fish at MIC and MFC levels showed no abnormal behavior or gross skin lesions over 96 hours.	Tested	35782554
CID:9688	CAS:363-03-1	2-phenylbenzo-1,4-quinone	College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan	China	Purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China) with high purity.	Analogue of thymoquinone investigated as a potentially safe and effective alternative to traditional chemical therapeutics used against gyrodactylosis in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii infecting goldfish. It demonstrated potent activity, outperforming thymoquinone, but showed higher toxicity to the fish.	Tested	39837239
CID:969516	CAS:458-37-7	Curcumin	Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Ceske Budejovice; Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split; Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre de la Sal; and Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTEM, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani	Spain	Natural compound, supplied at 10 mM concentration by Sigma-Aldrich.	Natural compounds are being explored to replace or combine with hazardous synthetic drugs in aquaculture feeds and baths.	No known regulations			It exhibited an LC50 of 0.24 mM against S. chrysophrii. It is a potent anti-Vibrio anguillarum agent but ineffective against V. harveyi. It lacked negative effects on the sea bream cell line, except at 10 uM for 24 hours where it exerted significant cytotoxicity.	Tested	34451443
CID:969516	CAS:458-37-7	Curcumin	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Identified from a screen of 26 phytochemical compounds to find an effective anti-Chilodonella agent.	"Investigated as a safe, effective, and environmentally friendly ""green medicine"" alternative to traditional chemical drugs (like potassium permanganate or formalin) for treating chilodonellosis in largemouth bass farming. Curcumin is recognized as having no ecotoxicological problems and is safe for the environment and aquatic animals."	No known regulations			Curcumin was the only compound among the 26 tested to exhibit 100% anti-parasitic efficacy against Chilodonella uncinata in the Artemia salina model at 10 mg/L for 24 hours. The 24-hour EC50 was determined to be 3.098 mg/L. It demonstrated a wide safety margin, as the 96-hour EC50 for largemouth bass was 17.143 mg/L (approximately 5.5 times higher. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that curcumin directly disrupts the parasite's tegument (epidermis), causing severe structural damage and holes. The Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CESTA) and molecular docking identified the tubulin alpha chain (specifically tba-5) as the primary protein target for curcumin, explaining its potent antiparasitic action.	Tested	39395598
CID:969516	CAS:458-37-7	Curcumin	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Purified from turmeric (Curcuma longa) using a bioassay-guided isolation method.	Explored as an environmentally friendly botanical drug candidate for aquaculture.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against adult N. girellae. At a concentration of 1000 mg/L, it caused a mortality of 60.0 percent within 8 hours. The calculated 8-hour LC50 was 843.1 mg/L.	Tested	33905159
CID:969516	CAS:458-37-7	Curcumin	Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis; UMR6539 LEMAR, UBO/CNRS/IFREMER/IRD, Plouzané	Brazil|France	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.	A natural polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, explored as a waterborne supplement to enhance animal health and resilience against abiotic stressors in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo as a waterborne supplement for adult Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Curcumin supplementation progressively increased glutathione levels and the activities of glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione S-transferase in a tissue-specific manner, with the strongest response in the gills and mantle. It successfully protected oysters against oxidative disruption by the abiotic stressors N-ethylmaleimide and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. However, it failed to provide immunological protection or improve survival rates when oysters were challenged with the bacterial pathogens Vibrio tapetis, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio anguillarum.	Tested	39955876
CID:971	CAS:144-62-7	Oxalic acid	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Not explicitly stated in the text.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			MIC was 500 ppm for S. parasitica and 1,000 ppm for S. delica. In water, the MLC was 1,000 ppm for S. parasitica CBS 223.65 and 5,000 ppm for the other two strains.	Tested	30536642
		(22E)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol	Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of P. R. China, Xiamen; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, Zhejiang	China	Isolated from the fungal strain Acremonium sp. NBUF150, which was obtained from a Ciocalypta sp. sponge collected at 70 meters depth near the Paracel Islands, South China Sea.	Investigated as a potential anti-Vibrio drug lead from marine sponge-associated fungi for application in aquaculture.	No known regulations			It is a known steroid analog that inhibited the growth of V. shilonii and V. brasiliensis with MICs of 8 ug/mL and 32 ug/mL, respectively. It was inactive against V. scophthalmi (MIC greater than 32 ug/mL) and other tested pathogens.	Tested	35194947
		(22E,24R)-3β-hydroxy-5,9-epoxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one	Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of P. R. China, Xiamen; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Marine Drugs, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, Zhejiang	China	Isolated from the fungal strain Acremonium sp. NBUF150, which was obtained from a Ciocalypta sp. sponge collected at 70 meters depth near the Paracel Islands, South China Sea.	Investigated as a potential anti-Vibrio drug lead from marine sponge-associated fungi for application in aquaculture.	No known regulations			It is a known steroid analog that inhibited the growth of V. brasiliensis at an MIC of 16 ug/mL. It did not show activity against V. scophthalmi, V. shilonii, or the other tested pathogens at concentrations up to 32 ug/mL.	Tested	35194947
		(6aR,11aR)-9-methoxy-6a,11a-dihydro-6H-benzofuro[3,2-c] chromen-3-yl acetate	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Synthetically modified (O-acetylated) from the isolated compound medicarpin.	Evaluated to determine if structural modifications (specifically lipophilicity enhancement) could improve the antibacterial activity of the naturally isolated propolis compounds against aquaculture pathogens.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae. 	Tested	39387133
		(E)-Methyl 3-((9H-fluoren-9-yl)oxy)acrylate	"Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica ""Antonio González"", Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; University of Regensburg, Regensburg; Ghent University, Ghent; and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala"	Spain   	Synthesized in the laboratory using 9-hydroxyfluorene, methyl propiolate, and DABCO in dry dichloromethane.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned for this compound, but the text notes that tight regulations and growing public health concerns associated with antibiotic use in aquaculture are driving the need for sustainable alternative therapies.	No known regulations			Also referred to as SAM461, it is a 9H-fluoren vinyl ether derivative. It was identified as a potent inhibitor of bioluminescence in Vibrio campbellii. While it was initially screened as a potential quorum sensing (QS) inhibitor, tests revealed its mode of action is independent of QS disruption; instead, it acts as a non-selective inhibitor of the bacterial luciferase enzyme. In vivo testing demonstrated that it fully protected germ-free Artemia franciscana nauplii from V. campbellii infection at a non-toxic concentration of 2 µM.	Tested	30467537
		2,2'-dimethoxy-magnolol	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; Shenzhen Research Institute, Northwest A&F University, Shenzhen; and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning	China	Synthesized in the laboratory by modifying magnolol. Magnolol was mixed with anhydrous acetone and anhydrous potassium carbonate, stirred, and then reacted with dimethyl sulfate (DMS) for 12 hours.	Developed as a structural derivative of magnolol to study structure-activity relationships, specifically by replacing the phenolic hydroxyl group with a methoxy group.	No known regulations			It showed poor antiviral efficacy, yielding a low inhibitory rate of 43.85 percent at its CC20 of 350.90 uM. Substituting the phenolic hydroxyl group in magnolol with a methoxy group greatly increased its cytotoxicity toward host cells and significantly decreased its anti-MSRV activity, rendering it ineffective.	Tested	35891401
		3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxychromane	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Synthetically modified (O-methylated) from the isolated compound 7-O-methylvestitol using trimethylsilyldiazomethane.	Evaluated to determine if structural modifications could improve the antibacterial activity of the naturally isolated propolis compounds against aquaculture pathogens.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae.  	Tested	39387133
		3-(2-acetoxy-4-methoxyphenyl) chroman-7-yl acetate	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Synthetically modified (O-acetylated) from the isolated compound vestitol.	Evaluated to determine if structural modifications could improve the antibacterial activity of the naturally isolated propolis compounds against aquaculture pathogens.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae.  	Tested	39387133
		5-methoxy-2-(7-methoxychroman-3-yl)phenyl acetate	Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi	USA	Synthetically modified (O-acetylated) from the isolated compound 7-O-methylvestitol.	Evaluated to determine if structural modifications could improve the antibacterial activity of the naturally isolated propolis compounds against aquaculture pathogens.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against F. covae. 	Tested	39387133
		7-(4-(4-methyl-imidazole))-coumarin	School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo; and Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo	China	Synthesized and identified as described in a previous study (Liu et al., 2017), and dissolved in 100% DMSO for the experiments.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned, though the study notes a critical need for therapeutic agents in aquaculture since spring viraemia of carp (SVC) lacks effective preventative measures and treatments.	No known regulations			It is a small-molecule antiviral coumarin derivative evaluated against spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). In vitro, it significantly inhibited SVCV infectivity in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo tests using adult zebrafish demonstrated that it effectively protected fish by reducing mortality and decreasing viral titers when administered via continuous bath or intraperitoneal injection. The compound exhibited stability in water with an inhibitory half-life of 3.5 days, and it reduced the horizontal transmission of SVCV in a cohabitation model.	Tested	31095989
		Arctigenin derivative TZOA	State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo	China	Synthesized by the researchers using arctigenin as the initial compound via a documented two-step chemical synthetic route (yield 45%).	Rhabdoviruses like Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) pose major threats to aquaculture, causing severe economic damage. TZOA is investigated as a novel broad-spectrum antiviral agent developed through structure-activity relationship (SAR) and QSAR modeling to combat these infections.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against IHNV using EPC cells and in vivo using juvenile rainbow trout. TZOA exhibited potent dose-dependent antiviral activity; at 25 µM, it reduced viral replication by >90%, reduced viral titers significantly, and disrupted viral attachment and internalization. Mechanistically, TZOA protected mitochondrial homeostasis, mitigating IHNV-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and loss of membrane potential. This restored MAVS-mediated interferon expression, enhancing the host's innate antiviral immunity. In vivo, TZOA administration significantly increased the survival rate of IHNV-infected rainbow trout by 44%, protected spleen and kidney tissues from hemorrhage, and successfully reduced horizontal transmission of the virus to healthy fish.	Tested	40015160
		Asperalin A	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai; Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai; and Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai	China	Isolated from the methanol extract of the seagrass-derived fungus Aspergillus alabamensis SYSU-6778.	Discovered as a new benzoic acid-containing alkaloid. It is being investigated in the search for novel, environmentally safe, nature-based bactericides to combat drug-resistant fish pathogens in the aquaculture industry.	No known regulations			Identified as the first example of a dihydroquinolone coupled with a benzoic acid derivative through an ester bond. It showed moderate inhibitory activity with an MIC of 21.8 uM against S. aureus and S. iniae, and 43.6 uM against S. parauberis.	Tested	36857464
		Asperalin B	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai; Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai; and Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai	China	Isolated from the methanol extract of the seagrass-derived fungus Aspergillus alabamensis SYSU-6778.	Discovered as a new benzoic acid-containing alkaloid in the search for novel, environmentally safe, nature-based bactericides.	No known regulations			Structurally similar to Asperalin A, but its isopentenyl group is bound to the nitrogen atom of the benzoic acid moiety. It showed moderate inhibitory activity with an MIC of 21.8 uM against S. aureus and S. iniae, and 43.6 uM against S. parauberis.	Tested	36857464
		Asperalin C	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai; Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai; and Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai	China	Isolated from the methanol extract of the seagrass-derived fungus Aspergillus alabamensis SYSU-6778.	Discovered as a new benzoic acid-containing alkaloid in the search for novel, environmentally safe, nature-based bactericides.	No known regulations			A 6-prime-chlorinated derivative of Asperalin B. It demonstrated strong antibacterial activities, showing MIC values of 10.1 uM against S. aureus and S. parauberis, and 5.0 uM against S. iniae.	Tested	36857464
		Asperalin D	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai; Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai; and Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai	China	Isolated from the methanol extract of the seagrass-derived fungus Aspergillus alabamensis SYSU-6778.	Discovered as a new benzoic acid-containing alkaloid in the search for novel, environmentally safe, nature-based bactericides.	No known regulations			Structurally similar to Asperalin C but features an O-isopentenyl substitution. Like Asperalin C, it exhibited strong activities, yielding MIC values of 10.1 uM against S. aureus and S. parauberis, and 5.0 uM against S. iniae.	Tested	36857464
		Asperalin E	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai; Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai; and Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai	China	Isolated from the methanol extract of the seagrass-derived fungus Aspergillus alabamensis SYSU-6778.	Discovered as a new benzoic acid-containing alkaloid in the search for novel, environmentally safe, nature-based bactericides.	No known regulations			It is an N-alkylated product of Asperalin D, containing a rare 4-amino-2-butanone moiety. It exhibited selective and the strongest inhibitory effects against S. iniae out of the tested compounds, with a low MIC value of 2.2 uM.	Tested	36857464
		Asperalin F	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai; Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai; and Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai	China	Isolated from the methanol extract of the seagrass-derived fungus Aspergillus alabamensis SYSU-6778.	Discovered as a new benzoic acid-containing alkaloid in the search for novel, environmentally safe, nature-based bactericides.	No known regulations			It possesses two chlorine atoms and exhibited a broader antimicrobial spectrum compared to the other isolated compounds. It showed moderate to potent activity against all tested strains, most notably an MIC of 10.9 uM against the Gram-negative bacterium E. ictalurid.	Tested	36857464
		Chrysin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Sourced as part of a virtual screening of a molecular library of natural drugs.	Investigated as a potential new, natural, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic drug to overcome the limitations of current parasiticides, which suffer from increased parasite resistance.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Gyrodactylus parasites following a virtual screening of 17,581 molecules against the myosin protein target. The virtual screening yielded a docking score of -7.223. In subsequent antiparasitic activity assays, it demonstrated a 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) of 7.584 mg/L and a 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) of 10.583 mg/L.	Tested	38522112
		Hydrogenated magnolol	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; Shenzhen Research Institute, Northwest A&F University, Shenzhen; and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning	China	Synthesized in the laboratory by hydrogenating the propylene groups of magnolol. Magnolol was dissolved in methanol with 10 percent palladium on carbon (Pd/C) and stirred under atmospheric hydrogen gas pressure for 12 hours.	Developed to optimize the antiviral activity of magnolol.	No known regulations			It possessed higher anti-MSRV activity than its parent compound, exhibiting an IC50 of 13.37 uM and a 99.59 percent inhibitory rate at its CC20 of 28.89 uM. Mechanism assays revealed it did not directly impact virions or interfere with viral adsorption to host cells; instead, it inhibited viral replication during the 6 to 8 hour phase and restrained the release of MSRV particles. In vivo, a 20 mg/kg dose increased the survival rate of largemouth bass by 62.7 percent and significantly reduced viral loads in the liver, spleen, and kidney.	Tested	35891401
		N-(3-acetamidopropyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzamide	School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai; Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai; and Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai	China	Isolated from the methanol extract of the seagrass-derived fungus Aspergillus alabamensis SYSU-6778.	Discovered as a new alkaloid in the search for novel, environmentally safe, nature-based bactericides.	No known regulations			Identified as a new N-benzoylamino acid derivative. It demonstrated very weak or no antibacterial activity in the assays, exhibiting an MIC of 79.3 uM against E. ictalurid and greater than 158.7 uM for all other tested strains.	Tested	36857464
		Poly-hydroxy butyrate	Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry; Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León; King Saud University, Riyadh; and National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam	India	Extracted from the marine bacterium Brevibacterium casei MSI04, which was isolated from a marine sponge Dendrilla nigra.	No specific governmental usage regulations for PHB are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It is a natural, biodegradable biopolymer. The study demonstrated its strong antiadhesive activity against shrimp pathogenic vibrios (such as V. vulnificus, V. fischeri, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, and V. harveyi), significantly reducing their ability to form biofilms. It is proposed as a safe, economical alternative to conventional antibiotics and could be applied as a feed additive or coat for farmed shrimps.	Tested	25115578
	CAS:68647-73-4	Tea tree oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It achieved a maximum anthelmintic efficacy of 100 percent against G. kobayashii. The concentration with the best anthelmintic efficacy was 40 mg/L, while the concentration causing fish mortality was 50 mg/L.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:68917-18-0	Peppermint oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It displayed weak anthelmintic activity (maximum efficacy of 10.45 percent). Its most effective concentration was 40 mg/L, which was identical to the concentration causing fish mortality.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:8000-34-8	Clove oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It displayed weak anthelmintic activity with a maximum efficacy of 45.06 percent. Its best effective concentration of 16 mg/L was identical to the concentration causing fish mortality.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:8000-48-4	Eucalyptus oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It reached a maximum anthelmintic efficacy of 90.84 percent at a concentration of 100 mg/L; however, this concentration also caused fish mortality.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:8006-84-6	Fennel oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It displayed weak anthelmintic activity with a maximum efficacy of 10.1 percent. The best effective concentration was 40 mg/L, which also caused fish mortality.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:8007-11-2	Origanum oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It displayed weak anthelmintic activity (maximum efficacy of 23.36 percent) and high toxicity, causing fish mortality at 10 mg/L.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:8007-70-3	Anise oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics (like formalin) which cause environmental impacts and drug resistance.	No known regulations			It displayed weak anthelmintic activity (maximum efficacy of 21.92 percent) and high toxicity to the host goldfish (Carassius auratus), causing fish mortality at its most effective concentration of 10 mg/L.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:8014-09-3	Cablin patchouli oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It achieved a maximum anthelmintic efficacy of 100 percent against G. kobayashii. Its best effective concentration was 10 mg/L, and the concentration causing fish mortality was also 10 mg/L, making its safety margin very narrow.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:8014-19-5	Palmarosa oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	"Approved as a food coloring or flavoring agent and recognized as ""Generally Regarded as Safe"" (GRAS) by the FDA."	No known regulations			It achieved 100 percent anthelmintic efficacy in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with an EC100 of 10 mg/L after 24 hours. It was highly safe for goldfish, showing a 24-hour LC50 of 40.8 mg/L (8.19-fold higher than its EC50) and causing no serious physiological or histopathological effects. Its main bioactive component is likely geraniol.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:8014-29-7	Rue oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It achieved a maximum anthelmintic efficacy of 100 percent against G. kobayashii in vivo. The concentration with the best anthelmintic efficacy was 25 mg/L, while the concentration causing fish mortality was 40 mg/L, indicating it could remove the infection without killing the host.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:8015-96-1	Cassia oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It reached a maximum anthelmintic efficacy of 94.57 percent at a concentration of 14 mg/L; however, this concentration also caused fish mortality.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:8015-97-2	Clove leaf oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It displayed weak anthelmintic activity with a maximum efficacy of 36.02 percent. Its best effective concentration was 18 mg/L, which was also the concentration that caused fish mortality.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:8024-37-1	Curcuma oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	"Approved as a food coloring or flavoring agent and recognized as ""Generally Regarded as Safe"" (GRAS) by the FDA."	No known regulations			It showed 100 percent anthelmintic efficacy against G. kobayashii at 12 mg/L. Interestingly, it had an anesthetic effect on the parasites, making its efficacy dose-dependent rather than time-dependent, as worms could recover and reinfect the host during long exposures. It was highly safe for goldfish, with a 24-hour LC50 of 31.73 mg/L (5.54-fold higher than its EC50) and caused no serious physiological or histopathological effects at the effective dose.	Tested	35804584
	CAS:84929-31-7	Lemon oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It displayed weak anthelmintic activity (maximum efficacy of 5.62 percent) and high toxicity, causing fish mortality at 10 mg/L.	Tested	35804584
		Acanthopanax gracilistylus root bark extract	College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Prepared from dry plant powder extracted with methanol for 4 hours, then filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was one of 32 medicinal plants screened for antiviral activity against IHNV in EPC cells. Tested at 100 mg/L, it demonstrated a cell viability. It was considered active, reducing the expression of IHNV glycoprotein to, indicating >50% IHNV inhibition activity.	Tested	31494148
		Acanthus ilicifolius leaf crude extract	Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; and Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh	India	Fresh leaves were collected from Gilakaladindi mangrove forest, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. They were shade-dried, powdered, and extracted using various solvents (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, aqueous) via the Soxhlet technique.	Mangrove plants are known for their stress tolerance and unique bioactive compounds. A. ilicifolius is traditionally used for various ailments and is being explored as an eco-friendly, biodegradable alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture to combat drug-resistant pathogens.	No known regulations			All crude solvent extracts contained various phytochemicals (saponins, tannins, flavonoids, etc.). In vivo, administering the crude extract at 4 mg/kg body weight for 6 days improved the survival rate of A. hydrophila-infected L. rohita fingerlings to 81 percent.	Tested	37598392
		Acanthus ilicifolius leaf methanol extract	Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; and Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh	India	Extracted via Soxhlet technique from A. ilicifolius leaves collected in Andhra Pradesh, India.	Explored as an eco-friendly therapeutic alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Out of the four solvents tested, the methanol extract exhibited the highest total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity (DPPH: 81.3 ug/mL; FRAP: 139.1 ug/mL at 500 ug/mL). It showed the strongest antibacterial activity, with a 5.9 mm zone of inhibition against A. hydrophila, and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 49 ug/mL.	Tested	37598392
		Acanthus ilicifolius leaf purified extract	Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; and Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh	India	The crude methanol leaf extract was subjected to column chromatography to yield Fraction A, which was further purified using preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to isolate the active band AM2.	Explored as an eco-friendly therapeutic alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture.	No known regulations			The purified active band (AM2) demonstrated exceptionally high antibacterial activity (13.5 mm inhibition zone) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (88.1 percent). GC-MS characterization revealed five major compounds: 2-Propanethiol, Trimethylphosphine, Pentanoyl chloride, Dimethylhydroxymethylphosphine, and ethylidene Propanedinitrile. In vivo, treating infected fingerlings with 2.5 mg/kg of the purified extract achieved the highest survival rate (94 percent) and significantly elevated hepatic antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) compared to the crude extract and antibiotic control.	Tested	37598392
		Acorus tatarinowii rhizome extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Herbs were obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, oven-dried, finely ground, and extracted with distilled water (1:10 w/v).	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Identified in the study as Rhizoma acori tatarinowii (RAT), it showed an MIC of 250 alone. When combined with florfenicol, the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was 1.06, indicating no interaction.	Tested	31614964
		Actidrox	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Commercial product from De Marco, Italy.	It releases peracetic acid when solubilized in water.	No known regulations			In agar, the MIC was 5,000 ppm. In water, it was considerably more effective, demonstrating a lethal effect (MLC) at 500 ppm.	Tested	30536642
		Agrimonia pilosa aerial part ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract failed to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at all tested concentrations (up to 5000 mg/L).	Tested	38518713
		Allium sativum bulb extract	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Tested as garlic essential oil, purchased from Phytoterapica, Brazil.	Screened as a promising herbal medicine to treat motile Aeromonas septicemia.	No known regulations			It showed moderate antibacterial activity with bactericidal properties against A. hydrophila, displaying an MIC of 0.9375 mg/mL and an MBC of 1.875 mg/mL.	Tested	32966864
		Aloe barbadensis leaf extract	National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad	Pakistan	Extracted from dried leaves of Aloe vera using 80 percent methanol at room temperature, filtered, and dehydrated in a rotary to produce a dark-greenish residue.	It is a popular folk remedy with pharmacological impacts including anti-viral and antibacterial effects. In aquaculture, it is considered a potential alternative growth booster, anti-stressor, immunological stimulant, appetizer, and digestive stimulant.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a dietary supplement at 0, 1, 2, and 3 percent inclusion levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry over a 105-day trial. The 1 and 2 percent inclusion levels significantly improved growth performance, showing higher final body weight, specific growth rate, and net weight gain compared to the control. The 1 percent diet yielded the highest growth overall. The 2 percent diet produced the highest haematological values, including maximum hemoglobin, red blood cells, total leukocyte count, total proteins, and globulins. Conversely, the 3 percent inclusion level resulted in the lowest feed intake and growth parameters among the treated groups.	Tested	35002422
		Aloe barbadensis leaf extract	Department of Zoology, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu; Department of Chemistry, M. M. A. M. Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar; and Nepal Aquaculture Society, Kathmandu	Nepal	Fresh Aloe vera plants were collected from a local nursery within the campus and extracted in 70 percent ethanol using a Soxhlet apparatus.	It is a natural therapeutic plant with antimicrobial, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties. Using such immunostimulants is viewed as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional antibiotics in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a dietary supplement at 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 percent inclusion levels in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) over 90 days. The 0.4 and 0.8 percent doses significantly improved growth performance, showing the highest percent weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio, alongside the lowest feed conversion ratio. The 0.8 percent diet yielded the highest survival rate at 99.87 percent compared to 93.17 percent in the control. These optimal doses also significantly enhanced the gastrosomatic index (GaSI) and increased total protein, globulin, and albumin levels in liver tissues. Gut histomorphology showed improved villi structure, providing a greater surface area for nutrient absorption.	Tested	33747562
		Amomum tsao-ko fruit 95% ethanol extract	Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; and Nujiang Green Spice Industry Research Institute, Lushui	China	Extracted from dried Amomum tsao-ko harvested from Yaping Village, Fugong, Nujiang Prefecture. The powder was soaked in 95% ethanol, sonicated, and concentrated using rotary evaporation.	Investigated as a natural plant extract to serve as an alternative to chemical antibiotics in aquatic feed, aiming to combat the rising risk of disease and antibiotic resistance in intensified aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antibacterial activity using the Oxford cup method. The 95% ethanol extract exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on Salmonella enteritidis, achieving a maximum bacteriostatic ring diameter of 13.5 mm at a concentration of 20 mg/mL. The inhibitory effect increased gradually with concentration against both S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium.	Tested	38812441
		Amomum tsao-ko fruit dichloromethane extract	Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; and Nujiang Green Spice Industry Research Institute, Lushui	China	Extracted from dried Amomum tsao-ko harvested from Yaping Village, Fugong, Nujiang Prefecture. The powder was soaked in dichloromethane, sonicated, and concentrated using rotary evaporation.	Investigated as a natural plant extract to serve as an alternative to chemical antibiotics in aquatic feed.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antibacterial activity. The extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. The inhibitory effect on S. enteritidis improved notably starting at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, and the effect against S. typhimurium increased gradually with concentration.	Tested	38812441
		Amomum tsao-ko fruit essential oil	Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; and Nujiang Green Spice Industry Research Institute, Lushui	China	Sourced from Amomum tsao-ko harvested from Yaping Village, Fugong, Nujiang Prefecture. Extracted as essential oil (detailed extraction method for the essential oil fraction is grouped with the general extraction protocols).	Investigated as a natural plant extract to serve as an alternative to chemical antibiotics in aquatic feed.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antibacterial activity using the Oxford cup method. The essential oil exhibited good antibacterial activity against Salmonella enteritidis, with the inhibitory effect increasing gradually as the concentration of the extract increased.	Tested	38812441
		Amomum tsao-ko fruit ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; and Nujiang Green Spice Industry Research Institute, Lushui	China	Extracted from dried Amomum tsao-ko harvested from Yaping Village, Fugong, Nujiang Prefecture. The powder was soaked in ethyl acetate, sonicated, and concentrated using rotary evaporation.	Investigated as a natural plant extract to serve as an alternative to chemical antibiotics in aquatic feed.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antibacterial activity using the Oxford cup method. It exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against both tested pathogens. For Salmonella typhimurium, the ethyl acetate extract showed the most significant inhibitory effect at high concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/mL. The inhibitory effect on S. enteritidis also increased with concentration.	Tested	38812441
		Andrographis paniculata whole plant methanolic extract	Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu	India	Prepared from the aerial parts of healthy A. paniculata plants collected in the Southern Western Ghats (Kallar site). The plants were shade-dried, pulverized, and extracted with methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text, but the study notes that the high costs and rising drug resistance associated with conventional chemical and antibiotic treatments are driving a focus toward alternative plant-based medicines.	No known regulations			The extract was evaluated against Aeromonas hydrophila in Indian major carp (Labeo rohita). It showed strong antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 µl. In vivo treatments via injection, oral feeding, and diffusion reduced the cumulative mortality rate to less than 30% and improved the hematological profile by increasing hemoglobin, total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and the phagocytic index. A 50 µl dose yielded the maximum relative percentage survival, but higher doses resulted in toxicity and lower survival rates.	Tested	31363972
		Angelica dahurica root aqueous extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a heated aqueous extraction method.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract failed to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at all tested concentrations (up to 5000 mg/L).	Tested	38518713
		Angelica dahurica root ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 5000 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Arachis hypogaea shell acetone extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from groundnut shells that were collected, shade dried, and powdered.	Agricultural wastes are being investigated as rich sources of plant secondary metabolites (like tannins and polyphenols) that can block bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm formation, offering an alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated against the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 500 ug/mL. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the extract exhibited a reduction in aerolysin and biofilm matrix formation by blocking quorum sensing.	Tested	37237796
		Arachis hypogaea shell ethanol extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from collected and powdered groundnut shells.	Explored as an eco-friendly antimicrobial alternative in aquaculture to circumvent antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Demonstrated an MIC of 250 ug/mL against A. hydrophila. SEM imaging revealed it reduced bacterial cell size, caused morphological changes, and disrupted biofilm development.	Tested	37237796
		Arachis hypogaea shell ethyl acetate extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from collected and powdered groundnut shells.	Explored as an eco-friendly antimicrobial alternative in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Demonstrated an MIC of 500 ug/mL against A. hydrophila. Treatment with the extract caused A. hydrophila cells to shrink and split.	Tested	37237796
		Arachis hypogaea shell hexane extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from collected and powdered groundnut shells.	Explored as an eco-friendly antimicrobial alternative in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Demonstrated an MIC of 500 ug/mL against A. hydrophila. It reduced biofilm development as observed under SEM.	Tested	37237796
		Arachis hypogaea shell methanol extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from collected and powdered groundnut shells.	Explored as an eco-friendly antimicrobial alternative in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Showed potent activity with an MIC of 250 ug/mL against A. hydrophila. FT-IR spectra of bacterial biomass treated with this polar extract indicated the interaction of metabolites (like polyphenols) with the bacterial cells, leading to biofilm reduction.	Tested	37237796
		Arachis hypogaea shell petroleum ether extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from collected and powdered groundnut shells.	Explored as an eco-friendly antimicrobial alternative in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Demonstrated an MIC of 500 ug/mL against A. hydrophila. While it inhibited biofilm development, FT-IR analysis showed that non-polar solvents like petroleum ether did not exhibit clear bands for structural interaction compared to polar extracts.	Tested	37237796
		Areca catechu fruit ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Artemisia argyi leaf extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed complete anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius without causing fish mortality.	Tested	24005478
		Artemisia argyi leaf extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Showed an MIC of 31.25 alone against A. hydrophila. It exhibited an additive effect when combined with florfenicol, producing an FICI of 0.75.	Tested	31614964
		Artemisia capillaries aerial part extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Displayed an MIC of 125 when used individually. In combination with florfenicol, it showed an additive effect with an FICI of 0.56.	Tested	31614964
		Astragalus membranaceus extract	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Extracted using 95 percent ethanol from dried roots (Huangqi) originally sourced from Heilongjiang Province and purchased in Guangzhou, China.	Crude plant extracts are considered simple to produce, inexpensive, and readily usable for controlling fish diseases with lower environmental toxicity.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against adult N. girellae, it caused 100 percent mortality at 500 mg/L after 8 hours of exposure, but only 33.3 percent mortality at 250 mg/L. The 8-hour LC50 was 279.1 mg/L.	Tested	33905159
		Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide liposome	Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou; University Key Lab for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou; and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao	China	Prepared in the laboratory via a film dispersion-ultrasonic method using soybean lecithin, cholesterol, vitamin E, and Astragalus polysaccharides.	It was developed as a drug delivery system to overcome the defects of clinical APS application, such as rapid degradation and unstable medicine efficacy, enabling slower and targeted drug release.	No known regulations			The liposome was optimized using response surface methodology to achieve an encapsulation efficiency of 73.88%. It exhibited spherical shapes with clear membrane structures. It demonstrated the same immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects as free APS in both in vivo and in vitro models, but its efficacy was markedly superior across all tested parameters. It strongly promoted the M1 polarization of macrophages.	Tested	32142872
		Astragalus Polysaccharide	Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao; and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan	China	Purchased from GlpBio (Shanghai, China; Cat. No: GC34407).	It is a natural macromolecule and immunostimulant known to profoundly influence the immune system with antiviral, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. It is investigated as a promising strategy to enhance fish immunity against pathogens, serving as a sustainable alternative to conventional antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated against Nocardia seriolae infection in largemouth bass. When administered in feed at 200 mg/kg alone, it resulted in a 54 percent survival rate. When co-applied with beta-glucan (200 mg/kg each), it significantly boosted the survival rate to 72 percent. The synergistic beta-glucan + APS treatment demonstrated excellent pathogen clearance, reduced chronic granuloma formation, and significantly upregulated key innate and adaptive immune factors (TSOD, lysozyme, IL-1b, TNF-a, IFN-y, IgM) without promoting the bacterial drug resistance observed in the antibiotic groups.	Tested	37894188
		Astragalus+Angelica archangelica+Crataegus+Glycyrrhiza glabra+Lonicera	College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang; Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning	China	Materials purchased from a medicine market in Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province; crushed, sieved, and mixed in specific proportions.	Investigated as a natural, cost-effective feed additive to improve growth performance and immunity in marine fish, specifically to prevent vibriosis outbreaks caused by Vibrio harveyi.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo in hybrid grouper at inclusion levels of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% for 28 days. The 1.5% inclusion level provided the optimal balance of weight gain, specific growth rate, and survival rate. CHM significantly enhanced serum non-specific immunity (ACP, AKP, SOD, CAT, LZM) and upregulated immune genes (IL-8, IL-11, TNF-α, Nrf2). Intestinal analysis showed a higher abundance of beneficial probiotics (Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae) and a decrease in pathogenic Proteobacteria. Serum metabolic analysis identified 11 differential pathways, including taurine and arachidonic acid metabolism, which support disease resistance.	Tested	37453492
		Atractylodes lancea rhizome extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed partial anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Aucklandia lappa root extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Evaluated under the name Radix aucklandiae (RA), possessing an MIC of 62.5 alone. It had an additive interaction with florfenicol (FICI of 0.67).	Tested	31614964
		Azadirachta indica essential oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			It achieved a maximum anthelmintic efficacy of 100 percent against Gyrodactylus kobayashii in vivo. The concentration with the best anthelmintic efficacy was 40 mg/L, while the concentration causing fish mortality was 45 mg/L, indicating it could remove the infection without causing death.	Tested	35804584
		Bidens pilosa whole plant extract	Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung; Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung; Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung; and Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei	Taiwan	The B. pilosa extract powder was purchased from Altruism Co., Ltd., Taiwan. The extract was prepared by boiling the dried whole plant of B. pilosa in water (1:10, w/v) for 2 hours twice. The water extract was then filtered, concentrated, lyophilized into powder, and standardized to contain 120 ppm or more chlorogenic acid as an index compound.	Bidens pilosa is an edible herb approved by the Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare as a legal herb for human and animal consumption. It was investigated as a safe, natural phytogenic functional feed additive to replace antibiotics and chemicals used as growth promoters in aquaculture, addressing concerns over drug residues, super bacteria, and environmental contamination.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo on tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) as a dietary supplement at 0.5% and 1% inclusion levels over 8 weeks. Both inclusion levels significantly improved growth performance parameters (Final Body Weight, Specific Growth Rate) without increasing feed intake. Transcriptomic and gut microbiome analyses revealed that B. pilosa operates via the gut-liver axis. It alters the gut microbiota composition (reducing alpha diversity but increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria like Cetobacterium and denitrifying bacteria), which in turn modulates hepatic energy and amino acid metabolism. In the liver, it significantly upregulated the igf1 gene (enhancing IGF1/IGF1Rb signaling) while downregulating the negative muscle growth regulator mstnb in muscle tissue, leading to the upregulation of myogenic regulatory factors (myod1, myog, and mrf4) and promoting muscle growth (myogenesis). Furthermore, it enhanced the host's antioxidant capacity (increasing SOD activity and upregulating gpx1b and gpx1a expression) and lowered blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels.	Tested	39138417
		BioFish	Postgraduate Program in Aquaculture, Nilton Lins University, Manaus, AM	Brazil	Merko Indústria e Comercio Ltda, Itajaí, SC, Brazil	No conventional anthelmintic drugs are approved for use in tambaqui, encouraging the evaluation of commercially available nutraceutical products.	No known regulations			It is a natural product based on citrus biomass, comprised of ascorbic acid, organic citric acid, and lactic acid. In vitro testing showed that at a concentration of 1.25, it caused 100% mortality of the acanthocephalan parasite Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae after 24 hours by acting as a permeabilizing agent. In vivo tests classified it as slightly toxic to tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), suggesting it has therapeutic potential when added to the diet.	Tested	31679532
		Buffered vinegar	Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana; Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo; and Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Česke Budějovice, Česke Budějovice	Slovenia	Obtained from Vitiva, Markovci, Slovenia as a white water-soluble powder.	Acetic acid, the main active component of vinegar, is recognized as a food additive by the European Union and USA.	Approved	EU|USA		It was tested as a biopreservative dip treatment for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) meat to inhibit the spoilage bacteria Pseudomonas (P. fragi, P. psychrophila) and Shewanella (S. putrefaciens, S. xiamenensis). In food model challenge tests, it demonstrated consistent antimicrobial activity, successfully inhibiting bacterial growth and spoilage mechanisms (lipolytic/proteolytic activity and hydrogen sulfide production). In situ tests on carp fillets showed significant reductions in microbial counts without negatively impacting the sensory acceptability of the meat.	Tested	31960971
		Bupleurum chinense root extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Referred to as Radix bupleuri (RB) in the study, it had an individual MIC of 250. It showed no interaction with florfenicol (FICI of 2.06).	Tested	31614964
		Bupleurum chinense root methanol extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Prepared from dried roots of Bupleurum chinense purchased from Xi'an Wanshou Chinese Medicinal Herbs Markets.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was evaluated for anthelmintic activity against Dactylogyrus spp. in goldfish. The acute toxicity against goldfish.	Tested	25266906
		Caesalpinia sappan wood chloroform extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			This fraction exhibited the highest anthelmintic efficiency among the fractions tested for this plant.	Tested	24005478
		Caesalpinia sappan wood extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The crude extract (derived from the rhizome, as noted in the study) showed complete anthelmintic efficacy without causing fish mortality.	Tested	24005478
		Captain® (chelated copper)	School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL	USA	Obtained from SePRO.	It is approved to control nuisance algae and cyanobacterial blooms in some states, but not fully allowed for food-fish aquaculture without specific approvals.	Partially approved	USA		Tested at 0.4 mg/L as copper, this chelated copper product effectively reduced phytoplankton and cyanobacteria. Like copper sulfate, it significantly reduced zooplankton densities and resulted in a phytoplankton community dominated by cyanobacteria at the end of the 35-day field trial.	Tested	33580364
		Cassia alata leaf extract	Ubon Ratchathani University, Warin Chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani	Thailand	Herb shop Ban Samunprai, Pranakorn, Bangkok, Thailand	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The aqueous leaf extract was tested in vitro against F. columnare, showing a minimal inhibitory concentration and a bacteriostatic mode of action.	Tested	20575361
		Celosia cristata flower extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract (derived from the flos) showed no anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Centella asiatica whole plant aqueous extract	Ubon Ratchathani University, Warin Chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani	Thailand	Herb shop Ban Samunprai, Pranakorn, Bangkok, Thailand	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			"The paper explicitly states that the ""leaf"" was used for this aqueous extraction, rather than the whole plant. It exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity in the study and had a bactericidal effect. In vivo bath treatments prevented mortality in infected Nile tilapia."	Tested	20575361
		Centella asiatica whole plant extract	Ubon Ratchathani University, Warin Chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani	Thailand	Herb shop Ban Samunprai, Pranakorn, Bangkok, Thailand	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			As noted above, the study only evaluated the aqueous extract of the leaf, which showed strong bactericidal properties and successfully controlled F. columnare infection in vivo.	Tested	20575361
		Cephalanoplos segetum whole plant extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Produced an MIC of 62.5 against isolate WS05. The combination with florfenicol resulted in an FICI of 1.06, demonstrating no interaction.	Tested	31614964
		Ceratonia siliqua leaf aqueous extract	Laboratoire d'Aridocultures et des Cultures Oasiennes, Institut des Régions Arides, Nahel, Gabès; Unité de Recherche Catalyse et Matériaux pour l'Environnement et les Procédés URCMEP, Faculté des Sciences de Gabès/Université de Gabès, Gabès; and Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia	Tunisia|Spain	Fresh leaves were collected from Chenenni (Gabes, Tunisia), dried, ground to a powder, and homogenized in boiling distilled water for 4 h at room temperature before being filtered and lyophilized.	It is investigated as a renewable, abundant source of bioactive compounds that could serve as an alternative to chemotherapies, which have undesirable side effects on fish, the environment, and consumers. No specific governmental regulations are mentioned.	No known regulations			The aqueous extract exhibited lower levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and lower antioxidant activity than the ethanolic extract. It showed no significant immunostimulant effects (viability, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, or peroxidase content) on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) head kidney leucocytes after 24 h of incubation. It exhibited a cytotoxic effect on PLHC-1 cells only at the highest tested concentration of 1. In bactericidal assays, it exhibited notable activity against Photobacterium damselae at 0.5, 0.75, and 1, but low effects against Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio anguillarum.	Tested	32032761
		Ceratonia siliqua leaf ethanolic extract	Laboratoire d'Aridocultures et des Cultures Oasiennes, Institut des Régions Arides, Nahel, Gabès; Unité de Recherche Catalyse et Matériaux pour l'Environnement et les Procédés URCMEP, Faculté des Sciences de Gabès/Université de Gabès, Gabès; and Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia	Tunisia|Spain	Prepared by shaking dried carob leaf powder (collected from Gabes, Tunisia) with ethanol for 48 h at room temperature, filtering twice, and evaporating.	Explored as a natural, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical treatments in farmed fish. No specific governmental regulations are mentioned.	No known regulations			Compared to the aqueous extract, the ethanolic extract showed higher levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and higher antioxidant activity. It also produced no significant immunostimulant effects on gilthead seabream head kidney leucocytes. However, it had a notable cytotoxic effect on PLHC-1 cells at 0.5, 0.75, and 1. It demonstrated strong bactericidal activity against P. damselae and V. harveyi, and a moderate effect against V. anguillarum at these higher concentrations.	Tested	32032761
		Chelidonium majus whole plant aqueous extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi and Institute of Freshwater Fisheries of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang	China	Prepared from dry and powdered Chelidonium majus L.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			This was the remaining aqueous part after solvent extraction, and it displayed in vivo anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	21400114
		Chelidonium majus whole plant chloroform extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi and Institute of Freshwater Fisheries of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang	China	Prepared from dry and powdered Chelidonium majus L.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Extracted successively from the suspended ethanol extract, it displayed in vivo anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	21400114
		Chelidonium majus whole plant ethanol extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi and Institute of Freshwater Fisheries of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang	China	Prepared from dry and powdered Chelidonium majus L.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Derived by extracting the dry plant with ethanol at room temperature; it displayed in vivo anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	21400114
		Chelidonium majus whole plant ethanol extract	Institute of Freshwater Fisheries of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang and Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Prepared from air-dried and powdered whole plants of Chelidonium majus L. collected in Zhejiang province, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It showed significant anthelmintic activity against D. intermedius and was subjected to bioassay-guided purification to isolate the active compound chelidonine. It has a lower therapeutic index than pure chelidonine, indicating it is less safe for use in practice.	Tested	21537985
		Chelidonium majus whole plant ethyl acetate extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi and Institute of Freshwater Fisheries of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang	China	Prepared from dry and powdered Chelidonium majus L.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Extracted successively from the suspended ethanol extract, it displayed in vivo anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	21400114
		Chelidonium majus whole plant N-butanol extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi and Institute of Freshwater Fisheries of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang	China	Prepared from dry and powdered Chelidonium majus L.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			This fraction exhibited the most significant anthelmintic activity among the crude extracts and was subsequently subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation to isolate the active compound chelerythrine.	Tested	21400114
		Chelidonium majus whole plant petroleum ether extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi and Institute of Freshwater Fisheries of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang	China	Prepared from dry and powdered Chelidonium majus L.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Extracted successively from the suspended ethanol extract, it displayed in vivo anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	21400114
		Chrysanthemum indicum flower extract	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Evaluated as one of the 13 herbal medicines in the study.	Herbal medicines are widely used in antiviral research and are being investigated to control WSSV in aquaculture where no approved drugs exist.	No known regulations			Screened for inhibitory activity against white spot syndrome virus in crayfish Procambarus clarkii, though it was not highlighted as the most potent candidate compared to naringenin.	Tested	34227114
		Cinnamomum camphora essential oil	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Aroma-Zone, Paris, France	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated as Ravintsara, it showed weak antibacterial activity with MIC values of 3592 or greater.	Tested	32119179
		Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Aroma-Zone, Paris, France	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated as Ceylon cinnamon bark oil, it exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the A. salmonicida strains with MIC values between 245 and 458. When combined with oregano, clove, or geraniol thyme essential oils, it produced an additive effect.	Tested	32119179
		Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extract	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Tested as cinnamon essential oil, purchased from Phytoterapica, Brazil.	Herbal medicines are explored as alternative treatments, and this plant is also known as an anesthetic in fish.	No known regulations			It exhibited strong bactericidal activity against A. hydrophila, showing an MIC of 0.235 mg/mL and an MBC of 0.235 mg/mL. It was identified as one of the most promising alternatives for preventive diets or treatment, acting by permeabilizing the bacterial membrane causing swelling and lysis.	Tested	32966864
		Citrus aurantium whole plant extract	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Tested as orange essential oil, purchased from Phytoterapica, Brazil.	Screened as a promising herbal medicine for MAS treatment.	No known regulations			Evaluated against A. hydrophila, it showed weak antibacterial activity but maintained a bactericidal profile, with an MIC of 7.5 mg/mL and an MBC of 7.5 mg/mL.	Tested	32966864
		Citrus limon essential oil	Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Ankara	Turkey	Obtained from spice sellers (trade name: Unyazici) in Ankara.	Investigated as an eco-friendly natural alternative to conventional chemical treatments (like formalin or copper sulfate) in aquaculture. Chemical treatments are increasingly restricted due to their adverse impacts on water quality and the health risks associated with toxic residues in fish.	No known regulations			Evaluated against the monogenean parasite Dactylogyrus sp. on carp (Cyprinus carpio). In vitro, it achieved 100 percent cumulative mortality of the parasites at 1 ul/ml in 10 minutes, and at 10 ul/ml in 3 minutes. In vivo, a bath treatment using its EC50 concentration (0.73 ul/ml for 5 minutes) significantly decreased mean parasite intensities on the gills, yielding an antiparasitic efficacy of 30.95 percent.	Tested	37745226
		Citrus medica fruit extract	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; and College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Dry powder of the plant was extracted under reflux with organic reagents (methanol for this plant), concentrated, and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The methanol extract of Citrus medica fruits was tested against GCRV in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells. It was identified to possess GCRV suppression efficacy at a concentration of 240.0 mg/l and specifically showed an inhibition effect on the transcription of the viral VP5 gene.	Tested	28232195
		Citrus unshiu Marc essential oil	Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha; and Hunan Agriculture Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha	China	Extracted in the laboratory via steam distillation from satsuma mandarin peels that were collected from Neijiang city, Sichuan Province, China.	It is being investigated as a natural antimicrobial agent and a promising antibiotic alternative to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and reduce the threat of antibiotic residues in aquaculture .	No known regulations			It was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila. The essential oil contained 79 chemical components, with limonene being the most abundant at 70.22 percent. It exhibited strong in vitro antibacterial activity, showing an inhibition zone diameter of 31.22 mm, and both its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 1 percent (v/v). The oil kills bacteria by destabilizing and damaging the cell membrane, which leads to increased permeability, depolarized membrane potential, and the leakage of intracellular macromolecules like nucleic acids and proteins. Electron microscopy confirmed the damage, revealing wrinkled surfaces, collapsed cells, and eventual cell lysis.	Tested	35836415
		Clematis chinensis root ethyl acetate extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			This fraction was the most effective for this plant and exhibited complete efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Clematis chinensis root extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The crude extract showed complete anthelmintic efficacy against the parasite without causing fish mortality.	Tested	24005478
		Clematis chinensis root methanol extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			This fraction showed high anthelmintic activity against the parasite.	Tested	24005478
		Cnidium monnieri fruit ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 1000 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Crithmum maritimum essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from air-dried aerial parts cultivated in Thessaloniki.	EOs are evaluated as eco-friendly, alternative methods for disease prevention in aquaculture to mitigate the overuse of antibiotics.	No known regulations			The essential oil of rock samphire is almost entirely composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons (93.9%), with a high abundance of limonene (53.3%) and gamma-terpinene (21.4%). It displayed anti-bacterial activity with IC50 values spanning from 46 against P. damselae up to 413 against V. alginolyticus.	Tested	31905915
		Cuscuta chinensis seed extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed partial anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Cylindropuntia cholla root aqueous extract	Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, B.C.S.; and Chemistry of Natural Products Laboratory, Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Gto.	Mexico		The root was obtained from a health food store ready for infusion preparation. It was collected in Baja California Sur, Mexico, then washed, dried, subjected to aqueous extraction, and lyophilized.	No known regulations			No regulations mentioned	Tested	36265741
		Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Tested as lemongrass essential oil, purchased from Phytoterapica, Brazil.	Screened as a promising herbal medicine for MAS treatment.	No known regulations			It showed weak antibacterial activity but acted as a bactericide against A. hydrophila, displaying an MIC of 1.875 mg/mL and an MBC of 1.875 mg/mL.	Tested	32966864
		Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil	ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Manirampore, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal	India	Plant materials (slips) were collected from the Agri Horticultural Society of India in Kolkata, and then grown and harvested at the institute research farm of the ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute in Barrackpore. The essential oil was extracted via hydrodistillation.	It is a well-known edible aromatic plant of the Poaceae family. Essential oils are being investigated as an emerging, natural alternative to conventional antibiotics in aquaculture because they favor physiological activities in fish, pose minimal risk to human health or the environment, and are less prone to developing drug resistance.	No known regulations			The essential oil was highly rich in oxygenated terpenoids (86.93 percent), primarily citral (74.15 percent). It exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila in vitro. For the antibiotic-sensitive strain, the MIC and MBC were 2.0 mg/mL and 4.0 mg/mL, respectively. Against oxytetracycline-resistant strains, it remained effective, showing MICs ranging from 2.67 to 3.33 mg/mL and MBCs from 4.0 to 6.67 mg/mL. In silico molecular docking revealed that 27 out of 30 identified phytochemicals in the oil significantly inhibited the target bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase-B, yielding binding energies ranging from -5.45 to -8.10 Kcal/mol. Furthermore, computational analysis indicated that these identified phytochemicals exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, excellent gastrointestinal absorption, and fully satisfied Lipinski's rule of five for drug-likeness.	Tested	36799768
		Cymbopogon martini whole plant extract	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Tested as palmarosa essential oil, purchased from Phytoterapica, Brazil.	Screened as a promising herbal medicine for MAS treatment.	No known regulations			Evaluated against A. hydrophila, it showed weak antibacterial activity (bactericidal profile), with an MIC of 3.75 mg/mL and an MBC of 3.75 mg/mL.	Tested	32966864
		Cymbopogon nardus essential oil	University of Malaysia, Kelantan Jeli Campus, Kelantan and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu	Malaysia	Prepared by steam distillation from fresh plants purchased at a wet market in Kelantan, Malaysia	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The essential oil contains multiple chemical compounds, with citronellal being the major component. It exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, demonstrating a minimal inhibitory concentration against systemic bacteria isolated from various aquatic animals and ATCC type strains. It is proposed as a potential alternative to commercial antibiotics.	Tested	23825733
		Cymbopogon nardus whole plant extract	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Tested as citronella essential oil, purchased from Phytoterapica, Brazil.	Screened as a promising herbal medicine for MAS treatment.	No known regulations			It displayed weak antibacterial activity but functioned as a bactericide against A. hydrophila, exhibiting an MIC of 3.75 mg/mL and an MBC of 3.75 mg/mL.	Tested	32966864
		Cynatratoside-X	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Purified from baiwei (Cynanchum atratum) using a bioassay-guided isolation method. Also referred to as Cynatratoside-C in the text.	Herbal medicines and phytochemicals are generally preferred due to their less harmful nature to nontarget organisms and their innate biodegradability.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against adult N. girellae, it showed 100 percent mortality after 8 hours at concentrations greater than or equal to 125 mg/L. The 8-hour LC50 was 58.8 mg/L, making it one of the most effective purified compounds tested in the study.	Tested	33905159
		Daucus carota essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from wild-harvested, air-dried aerial parts from Ikaria.	EOs are explored as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics in aquaculture.	No known regulations			The wild carrot essential oil had a high chemical diversity, consisting of monoterpene hydrocarbons (38.3%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (30.5%), and oxygenated monoterpenes (14.8%), with beta-himachalene (21.6%) and alpha-pinene (20.5%) being prominent. It showed strong inhibitory activity against V. anguillarum with an IC50 of 19, and was effective against E. anguillarum (32) and V. harveyi (57).	Tested	31905915
		Detarox AP	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Commercial product from Perdomini, Italy.	It is an acidic sanitizer formulated with stabilized peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, widely used in the food industry.	No known regulations			It was 10-fold more effective in water than in agar, exhibiting an MIC of 1,000 ppm and an MLC of 100 ppm.	Tested	30536642
		Dianthus superbus leaf extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed partial anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Dryopteris setosa extract	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Extracted using 95 percent ethanol from dried rhizomes (Guanzhong) originally sourced from Shanxi Province and purchased in Guangzhou, China.	Crude plant extracts are considered simple to produce, inexpensive, and readily usable for controlling fish diseases with lower environmental toxicity.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against adult N. girellae, it caused 100 percent mortality at 500 mg/L after 8 hours of exposure and 86.7 percent mortality at 250 mg/L. The 8-hour LC50 was determined to be 152.2 mg/L.	Tested	33905159
		Dual herb-mixed silver nanoparticles	Department of Animal Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu; and Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu	India	Synthesized using a dual herbal mix (DHM) extract of Alpinia officinarum and Curcuma longa leaves mixed with a 1 mM silver nitrate solution.	Synthesized as a green, eco-friendly, and cost-effective alternative to traditional synthetic chemicals (like weedicides and fertilizers) to combat Vibrio infections in aquaculture and agriculture, aiming to reduce soil ecology damage and non-target toxicity.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against pathogenic Vibrio bacteria (V. cholerae, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus) and in vivo for ecotoxicity against non-target organisms (Eudrilus euginae earthworms and Artemia nauplii). In vitro, DHM-AgNPs exhibited significant, concentration-dependent anti-Vibrio activity, strongly inhibiting bacterial growth at 50 µg/mL. In vivo ecotoxicity assays demonstrated that DHM-AgNPs caused low mortality in both earthworms and Artemia nauplii, even at high concentrations (up to 100 mL/kg for soil and 100 g/L for water), proving significantly less toxic than standard agricultural chemicals like glyphosate and urea. Histological analysis of earthworms confirmed no tissue damage at 10 mL/L of DHM-AgNPs.	Tested	39405879
		Eucalyptus globulus fruit aqueous extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a heated aqueous extraction method.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 5000 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Eucalyptus globulus fruit ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 5000 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Eucommia ulmoides root extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed high anthelmintic activity against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Eugenia caryophyllata essential oil	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Aroma-Zone, Paris, France	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated as Clove oil, it demonstrated strong antibacterial activity with a consistent MIC of 520 across multiple strains. Combining it with Ceylon cinnamon bark oil yielded an additive effect.	Tested	32119179
		Eugenia caryophyllata flower bud extract	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Tested as clove essential oil, purchased from Phytoterapica, Brazil.	Herbal medicines are explored as alternative treatments, and clove is a known anesthetic in fish.	No known regulations			It showed strong bactericidal activity against A. hydrophila, with an MIC of 0.235 mg/mL and an MBC of 0.470 mg/mL. It was identified alongside cinnamon as a highly promising alternative for preventive diets or water treatments.	Tested	32966864
		Eupatorium fortunei leaf extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed complete anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius without causing fish mortality.	Tested	24005478
		Euterpe oleracea fruit extract	Aquatic Organism Health Laboratory (AQUOS), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis; and associated centers in Dourados	Brazil	Freeze-dried açai pulp (E. oleracea) was used to enrich commercial feed.	Amazonian phytotherapeutics like açai are investigated as promising, natural, and environmentally friendly feed additives to enhance fish immunity and growth, aiming to reduce the use of synthetic chemicals and antibiotics in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo in juvenile koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) over a 60-day dietary trial. Supplementation at 15 g/kg significantly improved weight gain, daily biomass gain, and feed conversion. Phytochemical analysis showed that the açai-enriched diets had increased levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and carotenoids. Immunologically, the extract increased the number of circulating thrombocytes and significantly boosted plasma antimicrobial activity and agglutination titers. Microbiological examination revealed a inhibitory effect on bacteria from the Vibrionaceae family in the intestine.	Tested	40338409
		Florfenicol+Punica granatum fruit extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Combined treatment comprising florfenicol and aqueous extract of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel.	Utilizing herb extracts in combination with conventional antibiotics is suggested to limit antibiotic use and reduce dosages in aquaculture.	No known regulations			This combination exhibited a strong synergistic effect (FICI = 0.31). The extract reduced the MIC of florfenicol from 0.50 to 0.03. In vivo testing on Litopenaeus vannamei demonstrated significant protection, lowering cumulative mortality by 36.66% and 33.33% compared to the single treatments of florfenicol and the extract, respectively.	Tested	31614964
		Foeniculum vulgare essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from air-dried seeds cultivated in Thessaloniki.	EOs are evaluated as natural, alternative treatments for aquaculture diseases.	No known regulations			The essential oil of fennel consisted almost entirely of oxygenated monoterpenes (95.0%), predominantly trans-anethole (95%). It exhibited anti-bacterial activity with IC50 values ranging from 71 against P. damselae to 527 against V. alginolyticus.	Tested	31905915
		Fokienia hodginsii bark ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 5000 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Garcinia mangostana fruit extract	Ubon Ratchathani University, Warin Chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani	Thailand	Herb shop Ban Samunprai, Pranakorn, Bangkok, Thailand	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			"The paper explicitly states that the ""fruit peel"" was used for the aqueous extraction. It showed a minimal inhibitory concentration and a bacteriostatic mode of action."	Tested	20575361
		Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp ethyl acetate extract	U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Center for Natural Products Research, University, Mississippi	USA	Prepared from lyophilized mangosteen pericarp extracted with ethyl acetate. The fruits were sourced from a grocery store in Memphis, Tennessee.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Evaluated in a rapid screening assay, it did not show activity against E. ictaluri and S. iniae. 	Tested	29635710
		Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp methanol extract	U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Center for Natural Products Research, University, Mississippi	USA	Prepared by extracting the residual plant material (after ethyl acetate extraction) with methanol. The fruits were sourced from a grocery store in Memphis, Tennessee.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It showed no activity against E. ictaluri and S. iniae at the highest concentrations tested. It demonstrated greater activity against F. columnare than the ethyl acetate extract.	Tested	29635710
		Gardenia jasminoides fruit extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed partial anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		GF-7 (Galla Chinensis+Mangosteen shell+Pomegranate peel+Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extracts)	College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang; Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang; and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing	China	It is a novel herbal extract combination prepared by thoroughly mixing equal proportions of Galla Chinensis (GC) extract, Mangosteen Shell (MS) extract, the effective fraction of Pomegranate peel (PoP), and the effective fraction of Scutellaria baicalensis (SB). The extracts of PoP and SB were purified using microporous resin.	"Chinese herbal medicines and their combinations are considered ""green drugs"" and ideal alternatives to antibiotics in aquaculture to prevent and treat fish diseases. They are favored for their good therapeutic effectiveness, low toxicity, diverse drug targets, and a lower likelihood of developing drug resistance compared to traditional chemotherapeutics."	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro, GF-7 demonstrated excellent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against various aquatic pathogenic bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.045 to 0.36 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that GF-7 treatment caused Aeromonas hydrophila cells to become deformed, pitted, and shriveled, likely resulting in the leakage of cellular contents. In vivo, feeding Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) diets supplemented with 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 percent GF-7 for 28 days significantly increased the activities of liver immune and antioxidant enzymes (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase, and catalase), while significantly decreasing malondialdehyde content. It also upregulated the hepatic expression of immune regulators including IL-1b, TNF-a, and Myd88. In an in vivo challenge test with A. hydrophila, GF-7 exhibited a dose-dependent protective effect, yielding survival protection rates of 19.4, 30.6, and 47.2 percent for the 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 percent groups, respectively. Furthermore, histopathological analysis confirmed that GF-7 treatment improved liver cell morphology, protecting against the severe vacuolation and swelling typically caused by the infection.	Tested	37333660
		Ginkgo biloba leaf extract	Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou; and Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou	China	Purchased from Xian Baoyifeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China) and standardized to contain 24 percent ginkgo flavonoids and 6 percent Ginkgo terpene lactones.	It is extensively used in disease treatment for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. In aquaculture, it is widely utilized as a feed additive to enhance aquatic animal immunity and stress tolerance.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a dietary supplement for Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) at 0, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/kg for 21 days under intensive aquaculture conditions. The 2.0 g/kg dose (GBE2) yielded optimal results, significantly increasing the total hemocyte count (THC), hemocyanin content, and the survival rate of the shrimp. It enhanced hepatopancreatic antioxidant capacity by significantly increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Additionally, the extract helped reduce the accumulation of harmful ammonia and nitrite nitrogen in the culture water in a dose-dependent manner. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that GBE supplementation upregulated pathways related to immunity, detoxification (cytochrome P450, GSTs, UGTs), and lipid metabolism, while alleviating hepatopancreas tissue damage.	Tested	36572268
		Glycine max seed extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed partial anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Extracted using 95 percent ethanol from dried roots and stems (Gancao) originally sourced from Neimenggu Province and purchased in Guangzhou, China.	Investigated as a natural, biodegradable alternative to highly toxic chemical chemotherapeutics.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against adult N. girellae, it caused 100 percent mortality at 1000 mg/L after 8 hours of exposure, but did not kill all individuals at lower concentrations. The 8-hour LC50 was 400.2 mg/L.	Tested	33905159
		Glycyrrhiza uralensis root extract	College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Prepared from dry plant powder extracted with methanol for 4 hours, then filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Screened in EPC cells at 100 mg/L, it showed cell viability. It exhibited active anti-IHNV properties, bringing the expression of IHNV glycoprotein down.	Tested	31494148
		Gracilaria gracilis whole plant ethanol extract	Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Messina	Italy	Prepared from G. gracilis collected in the Ganzirri lagoon (Eastern Sicily, Italy), shade dried, ground, and extracted with absolute ethanol using a Soxhlet apparatus.	Seaweed extracts are explored as potential non-toxic, natural alternatives to chemical preservatives in foods and as novel bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical antibiotics.	No known regulations			The extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity among tested solvents against B. subtilis. It also produced the highest extraction yield (9.80%) and total soluble carbohydrate content (553.24 g GE/Kg), along with a high total phenolic content (2059.79 mg GAE/100 g).	Tested	30544601
		Gracilaria gracilis whole plant methanol extract	Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Messina	Italy	Prepared from G. gracilis collected in the Ganzirri lagoon (Eastern Sicily, Italy), shade dried, ground, and extracted with HPLC-grade methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus.	Explored as a potential natural alternative to chemical preservatives in foods and pharmaceuticals.	No known regulations			It showed antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. While it had a lower extraction yield (1.37%) and total soluble carbohydrate content (159.14 g GE/Kg) than the ethanol extract, it displayed the highest total phenolic content (2741.93 mg GAE/100 g) of all extracts tested.	Tested	30544601
		Haematoxylum campechianum wood aqueous extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a heated aqueous extraction method.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Haematoxylum campechianum wood ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 5000 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Hedyotis diffusa aerial part extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed partial anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Hermetia illucens larvae fat extract	Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Dolgoprudny; and Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino	Russia	Fat separated from 15-day-old live Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly) larvae, provided by NordTechSad, LLC, Arkhangelsk, Russia, and extracted sequentially using an acidic water-methanol solution.	It serves as an excellent reservoir of bioactive molecules with a good capacity to eradicate multidrug-resistant bacteria, having promising potential for practical application as an alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Sequential extractions (yielding extracts AWME1, AWME2, and AWME3) gradually enriched the unsaturated fatty acid content, particularly cis-oleic acid. The third extract (AWME3) demonstrated the highest dose-dependent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida. For AWME3, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 0.095 mg/mL for A. hydrophila and 0.38 mg/mL for A. salmonicida, while minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were 0.19 and 0.38 mg/mL, respectively.	Tested	34445533
		Hesperozygis ringens whole plant ethanol extract	Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS	Brazil	Leaves collected in the district of Santo Antão, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, dried, pulverized, and extracted sequentially using a Soxhlet apparatus with 96% ethanol.	The use of synthetic antibiotics is not allowed in organic aquaculture according to FAO guidelines; only the use of plant extracts is authorized.	Approved	Brazil		This polar extract, which had an extractive yield, showed no antibacterial effect up against the tested fish pathogenic bacteria in the broth microdilution method.	Tested	30735293
		Hesperozygis ringens whole plant hexane extract	Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS	Brazil	Leaves collected in the district of Santo Antão, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, dried, pulverized, and extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with hexane.	Plant extracts are the only authorized treatments in organic aquaculture, presenting a biodegradable option over synthetic antibiotics.	Approved	Brazil		The extract showed an MIC and MBC against A. hydrophila isolates. In vivo, a single therapeutic bath promoted a 93.33% relative survival rate in silver catfish experimentally infected with A. hydrophila, demonstrating better efficacy than the florfenicol treatment. Its major volatile component was identified as pulegone.	Tested	30735293
		Isaria cicadae spent substrate	Marine Academy of Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan; and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Aquaculture Equipment and Engineering Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan	China	Provided by Zhejiang Dongzhen Marine Science and Technology Co., LTD. The supplement contained 17.03 percent crude protein, 2.43 percent crude fat, 1.59 percent crude ash, and 4.92 percent moisture. I. cicadae accounted for 95.57 percent of the total fungal content.	It is a nutrient mixture composed of the vegetative mycelia of the edible fungus I. cicadae and its fermentation culture substrate. It is usually discarded as a low-value agricultural waste by-product, but due to its rich bioactive compounds, it is being explored as an environment-friendly natural alternative to antibiotics to improve fish immunity and health in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a dietary supplement for large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) at 2 percent (IC2) and 6 percent (IC6) inclusion levels over 8 weeks. The 6 percent diet significantly increased the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of the fish. IC supplementation regulated lipid and protein metabolism, notably increasing serum triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total protein, and albumin, while significantly decreasing total cholesterol at the 2 percent level. It enhanced immune and antioxidant capacities by significantly increasing lysozyme (LZM), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), though malondialdehyde (MDA) also increased in the IC2 group. IC significantly altered intestinal microbiota diversity, increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria like Bacteroides, Cetobacterium, and Mycoplasma, while reducing Synergistota, Desulfobacterota, and DMER64. Intestinal metabolomic analysis revealed it significantly upregulated ubiquinol-8, an electron transport carrier that helps reduce reactive oxygen species and improves intestinal antioxidant function.	Tested	37003497
		Juncus effusus whole plant extract	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Evaluated as one of the 13 herbal medicines in the study.	Herbal medicines are widely used in antiviral research and are being investigated to control WSSV in aquaculture where no approved drugs exist.	No known regulations			Screened for inhibitory activity against white spot syndrome virus in crayfish Procambarus clarkii, though it was not highlighted as the most potent candidate compared to naringenin.	Tested	34227114
		Laurus nobilis essential oil	Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb; and Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Split	Croatia	Extracted from fresh leaves collected from wild plants in the south Mediterranean region of Croatia. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation with reflux extraction pretreatment.	The toxicity of chemical agents currently used for oomycete control prompts the search for environmentally friendly alternatives that are safe for operators, animals, and the environment.	No known regulations			The essential oil was rich in monoterpenes, particularly 1,8-cineole (26.8 percent) and a-terphenyl acetate (13.2 percent). It inhibited mycelial growth of A. astaci with an EC50 of 0.098 uL/mL but could not achieve 100 percent inhibition for S. parasitica. It strongly inhibited zoospore germination, showing EC50 values of 0.015 uL/mL for A. astaci and 0.013 uL/mL for S. parasitica.	Tested	34451721
		Lavandula angustifolia Hemus essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from air-dried aerial parts cultivated in Grevena.	Explored as an eco-friendly antimicrobial and antioxidant agent for aquaculture.	No known regulations			This lavender oil was primarily composed of oxygenated monoterpenes (76.5%) and was particularly rich in linalool (39.1%) and linalool acetate (31.5%). It successfully inhibited bacterial growth with IC50 values such as 27 against P. damselae and 124 against V. anguillarum.	Tested	31905915
		Leonurus japonicus fruit extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed partial anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome extract	College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Prepared from dry plant powder extracted with methanol for 4 hours, then filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Tested for anti-IHNV activity at 100 mg/L in EPC cells, it maintained a cell viability. It successfully inhibited IHNV, keeping the expression of the IHNV glycoprotein (indicating >50% inhibition).	Tested	31494148
		Lippia alba essential oil	Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaiba, Parnaiba; Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza; Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical, Fortaleza; Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Aracaju; and Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral	Brazil	Extracted via hydrodistillation from fresh leaves collected in Parnaiba, Piaui, Brazil.	It is derived from a medicinal small bush used as a tranquilizer, gastroprotective, and antispasmodic agent. Due to the global emergence of bacterial resistance, it is being investigated as a natural alternative to antibiotics for controlling Vibrio pathogens in shrimp aquaculture.	No known regulations			The essential oil primarily consists of oxygenated monoterpenes, with geranial (23.0 percent), limonene (17.0 percent), and neral (15.5 percent) being the most abundant. It demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus strains with an MIC of 156 to 313 ug/mL and an MBC of 313 ug/mL. It showed antioxidant potential with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 60.16 mg/mL in a DPPH assay. However, it was classified as toxic in an acute toxicity assay against Artemia salina nauplii, with an LC50 of 307.95 ug/mL.	Tested	36790271
		Lippia origanoides essential oil	Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaiba, Parnaiba; Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza; Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical, Fortaleza; Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Aracaju; and Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral	Brazil	Extracted via hydrodistillation from fresh leaves collected in Parnaiba, Piaui, Brazil.	It is derived from a native Brazilian shrub whose essential oil has known antiparasitic, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. It is being explored as a natural alternative agent to control bacterial diseases in aquaculture and prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.	No known regulations			Its major components are thymol (47.2 percent), p-cymene (16.0 percent), and E-caryophyllene (11.3 percent). It exhibited antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus with an MIC of 313 to 625 ug/mL and an MBC of 313 to 625 ug/mL. It demonstrated exceptionally high antioxidant activity, significantly higher than L. alba, with an IC50 of 0.22 mg/mL, attributed to its high thymol and p-cymene content. Like L. alba, it was classified as toxic to Artemia salina, with an LC50 of 715.73 ug/mL.	Tested	36790271
		Liquidambar formosana fruit extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed high anthelmintic activity against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Lysimachia christinae leaf chloroform extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			This fraction showed high anthelmintic activity against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Lysimachia christinae leaf ethyl acetate extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			This fraction was found to be the most effective among those tested for this plant.	Tested	24005478
		Lysimachia christinae leaf extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The crude extract showed complete anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius without causing fish mortality.	Tested	24005478
		Lysimachia christinae leaf petroleum ether extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			This fraction showed high anthelmintic activity against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Lysol	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia	USA	Reckitt-Colman, Inc., Wayne, New Jersey	The paper states it is not specifically recommended for food fish aquaculture.	Not approved	USA		This phenolic compound was an effective disinfectant in vitro against both Edwardsiella species, eliminating detectable organisms quickly.	Actively Used	21413505
		Magnolia officinalis bark ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Magnolia officinalis bark extract	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; and College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Dry powder of the plant was extracted under reflux with petroleum ether, concentrated, and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The petroleum ether extract of Magnolia officinalis bark showed evident antiviral activity at 34.0 mg/l. It preferably suppressed viral replication by significantly decreasing the expression of VP1, VP3, and VP5 transcripts, leading to its selection for further tests to identify active monomeric compounds like magnolol and honokiol.	Tested	28232195
		Matricaria chamomilla essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from air-dried aerial parts cultivated in Thessaloniki.	Screened as a potential alternative to commercial antibiotics.	No known regulations			Chamomile oil showed a distinct composition, dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (51.3%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (40.1%), with components like alpha-bisabolol oxide B (23.3%). It demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity, producing higher IC50 values ranging from 173 to 985.	Tested	31905915
		Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Aroma-Zone, Paris, France	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated as Tea tree oil, it showed weak antibacterial activity, requiring MIC values of 3624 or greater.	Tested	32119179
		Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil	Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Ankara	Turkey	Obtained from spice sellers (trade name: Unyazici) in Ankara.	Investigated as a natural alternative to conventional chemical treatments, which are being restricted in many countries due to their adverse environmental and health impacts.	No known regulations			Evaluated against the monogenean parasite Dactylogyrus sp. on carp. It was the most effective of the three tested oils. In vitro, it achieved 100 percent cumulative mortality at 1 ul/ml in just 2 minutes. In vivo, a short bath treatment using its EC50 concentration (0.30 ul/ml for 2 minutes) significantly decreased mean parasite intensities, yielding the highest antiparasitic efficacy of 35.31 percent.	Tested	37745226
		Melaleuca alternifolia leaf extract	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Tested as tea tree essential oil, purchased from Phytoterapica, Brazil.	Screened as a promising herbal medicine for MAS treatment.	No known regulations			Evaluated against A. hydrophila, it showed weak antibacterial activity (bactericidal profile), presenting an MIC of 7.5 mg/mL and an MBC of 15 mg/mL.	Tested	32966864
		Melia azedarach bark aqueous extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a heated aqueous extraction method.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 1000 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Melia azedarach bark ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was highly active, capable of killing all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 600 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Melia toosendan fruit ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Melia toosendan fruit extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Evaluated under the name Fructus toosendan (FT), showing an individual MIC of 31.25. The FICI with florfenicol was 2.19, indicating no synergistic or additive interaction.	Tested	31614964
		Melissa officinalis essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from air-dried aerial parts cultivated in Ptolemaida.	EOs are evaluated as natural, alternative treatments for aquaculture diseases.	No known regulations			The lemon balm oil was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (53.9%), containing beta-caryophyllene (27.7%), gamma-muurolene (12.6%), and citronellal (10.2%). It showed strong inhibitory activity against P. damselae with an IC50 of 20 and E. anguillarum with an IC50 of 53.	Tested	31905915
		Mentha piperita essential oil	Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Ankara	Turkey	Obtained from spice sellers (trade name: Unyazici) in Ankara.	Investigated as a natural alternative to conventional chemical treatments, which are being restricted in many countries due to their adverse environmental and health impacts.	No known regulations			Evaluated against the monogenean parasite Dactylogyrus sp. on carp. In vitro, it was the least effective of the three tested oils, achieving 100 percent cumulative mortality at 1 ul/ml in 15 minutes. In vivo, a bath treatment using its EC50 concentration (2.53 ul/ml for 5 minutes) significantly decreased mean parasite intensities, yielding an antiparasitic efficacy of 28.23 percent.	Tested	37745226
		Mentha piperita leaf extract	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Tested as peppermint essential oil, purchased from Phytoterapica, Brazil.	Screened as a promising herbal medicine for MAS treatment.	No known regulations			It showed weak antibacterial activity but acted as a bactericide against A. hydrophila, showing an MIC of 3.75 mg/mL and an MBC of 3.75 mg/mL.	Tested	32966864
		Mentha pulegium essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from air-dried aerial parts cultivated in Ikaria and Thessaloniki.	Screened as a potential alternative to commercial antibiotics in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Two sources of pennyroyal oil were tested; both were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes , particularly pulegone (47.6% and 87.2%), though the Ikaria sample also contained a large amount of piperitenone (33%). Both exhibited significant anti-bacterial activity against the tested fish pathogens.	Tested	31905915
		Morus alba root bark acetone extract	Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou and USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, Alabama	China|USA	Prepared from dried root bark purchased at a Chinese medicinal market in Guangzhou	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			In vitro, it effectively killed non-encysted tomonts, encysted tomonts, and theronts of I. multifiliis. A short pretreatment of theronts with this extract significantly decreased their infectivity. Toxicity tests on grass carp revealed a lethal dose much higher than the effective parasiticidal doses, indicating it may be a safe and efficacious drug.	Tested	24553418
		Morus alba root bark chloroform extract	Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou and USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, Alabama	China|USA	Prepared from dried root bark purchased at a Chinese medicinal market in Guangzhou	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It successfully killed non-encysted and encysted tomonts, though it was less effective against theronts compared to the acetone and ethyl acetate extracts.	Tested	24553418
		Morus alba root bark ethyl acetate extract	Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou and USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, Alabama	China|USA	Prepared from dried root bark purchased at a Chinese medicinal market in Guangzhou	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It effectively killed non-encysted tomonts, encysted tomonts, and theronts. Pretreatment of theronts with this extract significantly decreased their infectivity. It demonstrated lower toxicity to grass carp compared to the acetone extract, providing a wide safety margin.	Tested	24553418
		Morus alba root bark methanol extract	Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou and USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, Alabama	China|USA	Prepared from dried root bark purchased at a Chinese medicinal market in Guangzhou	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was able to kill non-encysted and encysted tomonts, but was less effective against theronts when compared to the acetone and ethyl acetate extracts.	Tested	24553418
		Morus alba root bark petroleum ether extract	Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou and USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, Alabama	China|USA	Prepared from dried root bark purchased at a Chinese medicinal market in Guangzhou	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was able to kill non-encysted and encysted tomonts, but required higher doses to do so and was less effective against theronts compared to the other extracts tested.	Tested	24553418
		Morus alba shoot extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed no anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Nardostachys jatamansi root ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Natumix	Postgraduate Program in Aquaculture, Nilton Lins University, Manaus, AM	Brazil	Nutreco company, Amsterdam, Netherlands	As with BioFish, the lack of approved anthelmintic drugs for tambaqui prompts the investigation of alternative commercial nutraceuticals.	No known regulations			It is a compound formulated from plant extracts and essential oils. It demonstrated strong in vitro efficacy against N. buttnerae, causing 100% parasite mortality at 1.25 (with ~60% mortality occurring within just 4 hours). Even at an intermediate concentration of 0.313, its activity was significantly higher than that of BioFish. It acts by permeabilizing the parasite membrane. In vivo toxicity testing classified it as slightly toxic to tambaqui.	Tested	31679532
		Nephelium lappaceum peel extract	Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla	Thailand	Prepared from dried rambutan peels (cv. Rong Rian) via aqueous extraction at 60 degrees Celsius for 3 hours, then concentrated by freeze-drying.	Investigated as a natural, sustainable biocontrol agent to combat luminous vibriosis in shrimp aquaculture. It serves as an alternative to antibiotics and detergents, addressing the challenge of multi-drug resistant Vibrio strains.	No known regulations			Demonstrated strong anti-quorum sensing (QS) activity against the shrimp pathogen Vibrio campbellii. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, it significantly reduced bioluminescence, swimming motility, and biofilm formation on both biotic (shrimp shells) and abiotic (glass) surfaces. Mechanistically, it disrupted autoinducer detection and downregulated key QS genes including luxN, luxQ, luxO, and aphA. It also suppressed virulence factors like caseinase production without inducing bacterial resistance.	Tested	40373944
		Notopterygium incisum root extract	College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Prepared from dry plant powder extracted with methanol for 4 hours, then filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Evaluated at 100 mg/L, the extract had a cell viability in EPC cells. It was identified as possessing >50% IHNV inhibition activity, reducing the IHNV glycoprotein expression.	Tested	31494148
		Ocimum basilicum leaf extract	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Tested as basil essential oil, purchased from Phytoterapica, Brazil.	Screened as a promising herbal medicine for MAS treatment.	No known regulations			Evaluated against A. hydrophila, it displayed weak antibacterial activity (bactericidal profile), with an MIC of 7.5 mg/mL and an MBC of 7.5 mg/mL.	Tested	32966864
		Oligonol	Nagasaki University, Nagasaki and AVSS Corporation, Nagasaki	Japan	Amino Up Chemical Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan	It has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) as a new dietary supplement.	Approved	USA		It is an optimized, purified, natural phenolic extract from lychee fruit (Litchi chinensis). The study found it significantly inhibits the replication of betanodavirus (RGNNV) in fish cells in a dose-dependent manner with low toxicity, likely by interfering with the attachment of the virion to the cells.	Tested	24423657
		Origanum compactum essential oil	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Aroma-Zone, Paris, France	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated as Compact oregano oil, it exhibited strong antibacterial activity with an MIC of 458.	Tested	32119179
		Origanum heracleoticum essential oil	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Aroma-Zone, Paris, France	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated as Provence green oregano oil, it showed strong antibacterial activity with an MIC of 458.	Tested	32119179
		Origanum vulgare essential oil	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Aroma-Zone, Paris, France	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated as Oregano vulgaris oil, it demonstrated strong antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 113 to 453. Combining it with Ceylon cinnamon bark oil resulted in an additive effect.	Tested	32119179
		Origanum vulgare non-phenolic extract	Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana and Chaudhary Devilal University, Sirsa, Haryana	India	Prepared via liquid-liquid extraction from the chloroform extract of freeze-dried leaves procured from Aum Agreefresh pvt. Ltd., Vadodara, Gujarat	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			In terms of the zone of inhibition, this fraction was only effective against A. hydrophila, showing very poor or no efficacy against the other tested pathogens.	Tested	24312842
		Origanum vulgare phenolic extract	Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana and Chaudhary Devilal University, Sirsa, Haryana	India	Extracted from the acidified aqueous phase of the chloroform extract from leaves procured from Aum Agreefresh pvt. Ltd., Vadodara, Gujarat	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It showed broad antimicrobial activity against all three tested strains (P. fluorescens, A. hydrophila, and C. albicans).	Tested	24312842
		Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from air-dried aerial parts cultivated in Ptolemaida.	Essential oils are evaluated as eco-friendly therapeutic options to combat antimicrobial resistance.	No known regulations			Greek oregano oil was very rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (74.1%), predominantly carvacrol (72.0%) alongside p-cymene and gamma-terpinene. It was highly effective as a strong anti-bacterial, showing IC50 values within 27 to 85 across all pathogens , and it exhibited the highest total antioxidant capacity among the EOs tested.	Tested	31905915
		Origanum vulgare whole plant volatile oil	Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana and Chaudhary Devilal University, Sirsa, Haryana	India	Extracted via hydro-distillation from freeze-dried leaves procured from Aum Agreefresh pvt. Ltd., Vadodara, Gujarat	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Carvacrol is its major component. It showed strong antimicrobial activity against all three tested strains (P. fluorescens, A. hydrophila, and C. albicans) and yielded the best overall results in the study.	Tested	24312842
		Paeonia suffruticosa root bark extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed high anthelmintic activity against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Parthenium hysterophorus whole plant hydroethanolic extract	Department of Aquatic Environment and Health Management, Late Shri Punaram Nishad College of Fisheries, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya (DSVCKV), Kawardha, Chhattisgarh	India	The plant (also known as gajar ghas) was collected from the college campus in Chhattisgarh, India, washed, shade dried, and extracted using 80 percent hydroethanol.	It is a ubiquitous and extremely invasive weed. Due to its known toxic attributes and abundant availability, it is being investigated as a bio-degradable, natural phyto-ichthyotoxin to control unwanted fishes in aquaculture ponds as a sustainable alternative to synthetic piscicides.	No known regulations			The extract had a yield of 11.32 percent and contained high amounts of toxic constituents including alkaloids (23.35 percent), tannins, rotenone, and saponins. It exhibited antibacterial activity, notably a 23 mm zone of inhibition against Aeromonas hydrophila. In common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the 96-hour median lethal concentration (LC50) was 18.99 mg/L. Exposure caused severe acute toxicity, inducing haemolysis and agglutination of red blood cells. Sub-lethal exposure significantly reduced red and white blood cell counts, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, and immunological parameters (lysozyme activity, total protein, albumin, and globulin). Conversely, it significantly increased serum glucose and liver marker enzymes (GOT, GPT, ALP), indicating severe stress and hepatocyte damage.	Tested	37247154
		Phoslock (Quartz & titanium dioxide)	School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL	USA	Obtained from SePRO.	It is approved to control nuisance algae and cyanobacterial blooms in some states.	Partially approved	USA		It is a clay-based product that targets phosphorus by binding and removing it to the sediments. Applied at a 200 to 1 ratio (Phoslock to ambient phosphorus), it showed little significant effect on total phytoplankton but significantly reduced cyanobacterial abundance in the field experiment. It had minimal adverse effects on zooplankton biomass.	Tested	33580364
		Pinellia ternata tuber extract	College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Prepared from dry plant powder extracted with methanol for 4 hours, then filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Screened for anti-IHNV activity at 100 mg/L, it yielded a cell viability. It was highly active against the virus, lowering the expression of IHNV glycoprotein	Tested	31494148
		Piper betle leaf ethyl acetate extract	Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu	India	Leaf samples were collected from a local outlet at Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India, dried, pulverized, and extracted with ethyl acetate.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract was evaluated against Vibrio harveyi, a luminescent bacterial pathogen that severely affects cultured invertebrates like the black tiger prawn. Its Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against planktonic V. harveyi. At sub-MIC concentrations, it did not affect cell viability but significantly inhibited quorum sensing-mediated traits. Specifically, it inhibited bioluminescence production by up to 98%, biofilm formation by up to 74%, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by up to 64%, while also impeding swimming motility. Microscopic analyses confirmed that the extract effectively prevented the initial attachment and microcolony formation of the biofilm.	Tested	28687321
		Pogostemon cablin leaf extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed high anthelmintic activity against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Polygonum aviculare aerial part extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Its individual MIC against A. hydrophila was 125. It exhibited no interaction when combined with florfenicol (FICI of 1.42).	Tested	31614964
		Polygonum cuspidatum root extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Exhibited an individual MIC of 250. Showed no interaction with florfenicol, producing an FICI of 2.06.	Tested	31614964
		Prunella vulgaris whole plant extract	College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Prepared from dry plant powder extracted with methanol for 4 hours, then filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Among 32 medicinal plants tested, it showed the strongest inhibition on IHNV replication. At 100 mg/L, it had an inhibitory percentage of 99.3%, reducing the expression of IHNV glycoprotein with cell viability. It significantly decreased CPE and viral titers in vitro. Ursolic acid was identified as its major active antiviral constituent.	Tested	31494148
		Prunus mume fruit extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Demonstrated an MIC of 10.41 alone. When mixed with florfenicol, it yielded an additive effect (FICI of 0.89).	Tested	31614964
		Psidium guajava leaf extract	Ubon Ratchathani University, Warin Chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani	Thailand	Herb shop Ban Samunprai, Pranakorn, Bangkok, Thailand	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The aqueous leaf extract showed a minimal inhibitory concentration and a bacteriostatic mode of action against F. columnare.	Tested	20575361
		Psoralea corylifolia fruit aqueous extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a heated aqueous extraction method.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Psoralea corylifolia fruit ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. This was the most active of all 22 TCM extracts tested, capable of killing all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 100 mg/L. It induced severe morphological alterations in the parasite, including rounding, swelling, and shedding of cilia. Subsequent fractionation and analysis of this extract led to the identification of active flavonoids, primarily isobavachalcone.	Tested	38518713
		Psoralea corylifolia fruit extract	College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Prepared from dry plant powder extracted with methanol for 4 hours, then filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			When tested at 100 mg/L in EPC cells, the cell viability. It possessed active antiviral properties, keeping the expression of IHNV glycoprotein down.	Tested	31494148
		Punica granatum fruit extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from pomegranate peels obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Its individual MIC against the A. hydrophila isolate was 31.25. It served as the key synergistic agent evaluated alongside florfenicol.	Tested	31614964
		Punica granatum fruit extract	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Extracted using 95 percent ethanol from dried pericarps (Pomegranate) originally sourced from Jiangsu Province and purchased in Guangzhou, China.	Due to its low price as agricultural waste and its high efficacy, it is highly feasible to be developed as an alternative botanical drug in aquaculture.	No known regulations			It was the most effective crude extract tested in vitro against adult N. girellae. It caused 100 percent mortality at concentrations greater than or equal to 62.5 mg/L after 8 hours of exposure. The 8-hour LC50 was 32.8 mg/L. The active inhibitors are suspected to be phenolics and flavonoids present in the pericarp.	Tested	33905159
		Punica granatum pericarp ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 1000 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Sanocare PUR	Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center/Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC/AQD), Tigbauan, Iloilo	Philippines	Sanocare, INVE Aquaculture, Belgium	It is a highly effective commercial chemical disinfectant specifically formulated for use in aquaculture against Vibrio spp. Its active components include a surfactant, an organic acids oxidizing agent (potassium peroxymonosulfate), an inorganic buffer (sodium polymetaphosphate), and hypochlorous acid.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro and in vivo against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (AHPND strains) and Vibrio harveyi. In vitro tests demonstrated a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 2500 ppm and a Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 5000 ppm. In vivo tolerance tests on Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp revealed that concentrations of 2500 ppm and above were rapidly lethal (causing death within five minutes), while doses of 0.5 and 10 ppm were tolerable. However, these tolerable doses provided no beneficial protective effect when the shrimp were challenged with the pathogens. The study concludes that PUR should be restricted to high concentrations (2500 ppm and 5000 ppm) for decontaminating pond liners, tanks, and other paraphernalia, rather than applied directly to shrimp during an outbreak.	Actively Used	38471347
		Rheum palmatum rhizome ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Rheum palmatum root+rhizome extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Referred to as Radix et rhizoma rhei (RRR), displaying an individual MIC of 41.67. Produced no interaction with florfenicol (FICI of 1.25).	Tested	31614964
		Rhus chinensis insect gall aqueous extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a heated aqueous extraction method.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 1000 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Rhus chinensis insect gall ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 5000 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Rhus chinensis insect gall extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Identified as Galla chinensis (GC) in the study, it exhibited an individual MIC of 10.41. Showed an additive interaction with florfenicol (FICI = 0.67).	Tested	31614964
		Roccal-D Plus	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia	USA	Pharmacia, Kalamazoo, Michigan	It is a veterinary disinfectant but is not specifically labeled for use in fish.	No known regulations			It proved to be an effective disinfectant in vitro, rapidly reducing or eliminating detectable E. ictaluri and E. tarda organisms.	Actively Used	21413505
		Rosa chinensis flower aqueous extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a heated aqueous extraction method.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract failed to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at all tested concentrations (up to 5000 mg/L).	Tested	38518713
		Rosa chinensis flower ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Rosa laevigata fruit extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed low anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Aroma-Zone, Paris, France	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated as Cineole rosemary oil, it displayed weak antibacterial activity with MIC values of 3628 or greater.	Tested	32119179
		Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from air-dried aerial parts cultivated in Ptolemaida.	Explored as a natural antimicrobial agent in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Rosemary oil was mostly composed of oxygenated monoterpenes (64.6%), with eucalyptol (45.0%) and camphor (11.5%) acting as primary constituents. It showed considerable inhibitory activity, especially against P. damselae (30), V. anguillarum (52), and E. anguillarum (81).	Tested	31905915
		Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil	Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb; and Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Split	Croatia	Extracted from fresh leaves collected from wild plants in the south Mediterranean region of Croatia. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation with reflux extraction pretreatment.	Investigated as an environmentally acceptable alternative to toxic chemicals currently used in aquaculture.	No known regulations			It contained 65 identified compounds, predominantly camphor (11.7 percent), a-pinene (10.8 percent), and borneol (8.9 percent). It inhibited mycelial growth of A. astaci with an EC50 of 0.060 uL/mL but failed to reach 100 percent inhibition for S. parasitica mycelium. For zoospore germination, EC50 values were 0.049 uL/mL for A. astaci and 0.063 uL/mL for S. parasitica.	Tested	34451721
		Rosmarinus officinalis extract	Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana; Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo; and Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Česke Budějovice, Česke Budějovice	Slovenia	Obtained from Vitiva, Markovci, Slovenia (commercial product Inolens4, a solution with minimally 4% carnosic acid).	It is recognized as a food additive by the European Commission and is included in the approved food additive list of the US Food and Drug Administration as a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) additive.	Approved	EU|USA		Though widely studied for its antioxidant potential, its independent antimicrobial efficacy in the food model was diminished compared to broth tests, likely due to interactions between its lipophilic active compound (carnosic acid) and fish lipids or proteins. However, when evaluated in combination with buffered vinegar (as the commercial product SyneROX MB), it displayed strong synergistic effects, effectively inhibiting the growth and enzymatic spoilage potential of Pseudomonas and Shewanella in common carp meat.	Tested	31960971
		Rosmarinus officinalis whole plant aqueous extract	Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo	Japan	Prepared from leaves purchased in the Tsukiji market, Tokyo, Japan, using distilled water.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned.	No known regulations			It showed anthelmintic activity against D. minutus in vitro. In vivo, a 30-minute bath treatment at 50 g/L safely and significantly reduced parasite intensity in common carp. Oral administration (60-100 ml/100 g feed for 30 days) completely eliminated parasites without causing abnormal host behavior.	Tested	29080753
		Rosmarinus officinalis whole plant ethanol extract	Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo	Japan	Prepared from leaves purchased in the Tsukiji market, Tokyo, Japan, using 75% ethanol.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned.	No known regulations			It exhibited stronger anthelmintic activity in vitro compared to the aqueous extract but was much more toxic to the host fish. Exposure caused abnormal swimming behaviors in carp during acute toxicity tests.	Tested	29080753
		Rubia cordifolia root aqueous extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a heated aqueous extraction method.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract failed to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at all tested concentrations (up to 5000 mg/L).	Tested	38518713
		Rubia cordifolia root ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Rubus chingii fruit extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed partial anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Salvia fruticosa essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from air-dried aerial parts cultivated in Ikaria.	EOs are evaluated as alternative treatments for aquaculture diseases.	No known regulations			Greek sage oil was composed mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes (69.0%), featuring eucalyptol (53.2%) and camphor (8.1%) heavily. It demonstrated a strong inhibitory action against P. damselae (32) and V. anguillarum (71).	Tested	31905915
		Salvia miltiorrhiza extract	College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi; Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; and Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Extracted using 95 percent ethanol from dried roots (Danshen) originally sourced from Sichuan Province and purchased in Guangzhou, China.	Crude plant extracts are considered simple to produce, inexpensive, and readily usable for controlling fish diseases with lower environmental toxicity.	No known regulations			Tested in vitro against adult N. girellae, it caused 100 percent mortality at 250 mg/L after 8 hours of exposure. The calculated 8-hour LC50 was 138.0 mg/L.	Tested	33905159
		Salvia officinalis essential oil	Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb; and Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Split	Croatia	Extracted from fresh leaves collected from wild plants in the south Mediterranean region of Croatia. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation with reflux extraction pretreatment.	Proposed as an ecologically acceptable method to control oomycete pathogens in aquaculture, offering a sustainable alternative to currently used toxic chemicals.	No known regulations			It was the most effective essential oil tested, rich in camphor (23.9 percent), a-thujone (20.3 percent), and 1,8-cineole (12.5 percent). It completely inhibited mycelial growth of both pathogens, with EC50 values of 0.031 uL/mL for A. astaci and 0.040 uL/mL for S. parasitica. It was also the most potent inhibitor of zoospore germination, showing EC50 values of 0.007 uL/mL for A. astaci and 0.012 uL/mL for S. parasitica.	Tested	34451721
		Sanguisorba officinalis root extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Referred to as Radix sanguisorbae (RSA), with a recorded MIC of 20.84. Showed no interaction with florfenicol (FICI of 1.08).	Tested	31614964
		Sargentodoxa cuneata rhizome ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was highly active, capable of killing all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 800 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Satureja thymbra essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from air-dried aerial parts cultivated in Ikaria.	Evaluated as a potential alternative to combat bacterial diseases in fish farming.	No known regulations			Savoury oil contained high proportions of monoterpene hydrocarbons (52.2%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (36.0%), with gamma-terpinene (34.0%) and carvacrol (32.8%) as primary components. It acted consistently as a very strong anti-bacterial at very low concentrations (IC50 of 26 to 94) and possessed a highly potent antioxidant capacity.	Tested	31905915
		Schinus terebinthifolius fruit essential oil	Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung; Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung; Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung; and Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei	Taiwan	The B. pilosa extract powder was purchased from Altruism Co., Ltd., Taiwan. The extract was prepared by boiling the dried whole plant of B. pilosa in water (1:10, w/v) for 2 hours twice. The water extract was then filtered, concentrated, lyophilized into powder, and standardized to contain 120 ppm or more chlorogenic acid as an index compound.	Bidens pilosa is an edible herb approved by the Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare as a legal herb for human and animal consumption. It was investigated as a safe, natural phytogenic functional feed additive to replace antibiotics and chemicals used as growth promoters in aquaculture, addressing concerns over drug residues, super bacteria, and environmental contamination.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo on tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) as a dietary supplement at 0.5% and 1% inclusion levels over 8 weeks. Both inclusion levels significantly improved growth performance parameters (Final Body Weight, Specific Growth Rate) without increasing feed intake. Transcriptomic and gut microbiome analyses revealed that B. pilosa operates via the gut-liver axis. It alters the gut microbiota composition (reducing alpha diversity but increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria like Cetobacterium and denitrifying bacteria), which in turn modulates hepatic energy and amino acid metabolism. In the liver, it significantly upregulated the igf1 gene (enhancing IGF1/IGF1Rb signaling) while downregulating the negative muscle growth regulator mstnb in muscle tissue, leading to the upregulation of myogenic regulatory factors (myod1, myog, and mrf4) and promoting muscle growth (myogenesis). Furthermore, it enhanced the host's antioxidant capacity (increasing SOD activity and upregulating gpx1b and gpx1a expression) and lowered blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels.	Tested	39163500
		Scutellaria baicalensis root extract	Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; and School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong	China	A water extract of the aerial parts of S. baicalensis; commercial source not explicitly stated.	While the root of S. baicalensis (Scutellariae Radix) is a traditional Chinese medicine, the aerial parts are typically discarded as an agricultural waste product. Due to its low toxicity, inexpensive cost, and retention of effective flavonoids, the aerial extract is proposed as a feed additive in aquaculture to improve fish survival against inflammatory bacterial infections.	No known regulations			HPLC analysis revealed the SBA extract contained 1.083 percent scutellarin and 0.123 percent baicalin. Tested in vitro on RFM cells, it showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 0.4 mg/mL. Pre-treatment with SBA significantly reduced LPS-induced macrophage phagocytic activity. It dose-dependently reduced the expression of IL-1b and TNF-a, and suppressed nitric oxide production. At 0.1 to 0.2 mg/mL, its suppression of cytokine expression and NF-kB/IL-6 promoter activities almost reached maximum levels, matching the efficacy of the positive control dexamethasone.	Tested	36420515
		Scutellaria baicalensis root extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Evaluated under the name Radix scutellariae (RS), demonstrating an individual MIC of 20.84. Produced no interaction with florfenicol (FICI of 1.73).	Tested	31614964
		Scutellaria baicalensis root extract	Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong; and Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou	China	The raw material of SBA (the aerial part of S. baicalensis) was obtained from Hebei Province	It is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used for centuries in China and Asia to treat various types of diseases relating to inflammation.	No known regulations			Also referred to as Scutellariae Radix or Scutellaria Radix (the dried root of the plant), it is considered an expensive herb in the market. It has reported pharmacological activities including anti-virus, anti-microbial, anti-inflammation, and anti-hypoxia effects. Its major active ingredients responsible for these functions are flavonoids such as baicalein, baicalin, scutellarin, and wogonin. The text notes that it was recently shown to inhibit the infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Actively Used	32738512
		Sophora flavescens root aqueous extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a heated aqueous extraction method.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract failed to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at all tested concentrations (up to 5000 mg/L).	Tested	38518713
		Sophora flavescens root ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Sophora flavescens root extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed no anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Sophora flavescens root extract	Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong, Qingdao; Lianyungang Marine and Fisheries Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang; and Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou	China	Prepared from herbs obtained from the Marine Biology Institute of Shandong via aqueous extraction.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Referred to as Radix sophorae flavescentis (RSF), possessing an individual MIC of 125. It exhibited an additive effect when combined with florfenicol (FICI of 0.56).	Tested	31614964
		Sophora japonica fruit extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed no anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Spatholobus suberectus stem extract	College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Prepared from dry plant powder extracted with methanol for 4 hours, then filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Screened against IHNV at 100 mg/L, it demonstrated a cell viability. The extract was active against the virus, reducing the expression of IHNV glycoprotein	Tested	31494148
		Syzygium aromaticum flower bud extract	Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung; Department of Fisheries Production and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung; and Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung	Taiwan	Extracted from dried clove buds using 70 percent ethanol for 48 hours, concentrated in a rotary evaporator, freeze-dried, and then diluted with sterile seawater.	It is a traditional Chinese medicine and a natural spice with antiseptic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer activities. In aquaculture, it is often used as an anesthetic or as an alternative to cyanide for fishing coral reef fish.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a potential treatment for ciliate (Philaster lucinda) infections in the coral Goniopora columna. The 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50) for the ciliates was 1520 ppm. A short-term medicated bath of 10 minutes at 1500 ppm effectively killed the ciliates without causing significant changes to the coral's zooxanthellae, chlorophyll a levels, or inducing a severe stress response (as measured by superoxide dismutase and catalase activities). However, long-term exposure (24 hours) or treatments at higher concentrations (5000 ppm and above) resulted in severe stress responses and coral death. The 1500 ppm short-term treatment was successfully applied in a commercial coral farm setting.	Actively Used	35205146
		Thymbra capitata essential oil	Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion; Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; and Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	Greece	Provided by local companies; industrially extracted from air-dried aerial parts cultivated in Ikaria.	Evaluated as a potential eco-friendly option to combat antimicrobial resistance.	No known regulations			Spanish oregano oil consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons (47.0%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (44.1%), primarily carvacrol (42.0%) and gamma-terpinene (20.5%). It was determined to be a very strong anti-bacterial (IC50 of 26 to 88) against all pathogens examined , and it exhibited a superior antioxidant capacity.	Tested	31905915
		Thymus satureioides essential oil	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Aroma-Zone, Paris, France	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Evaluated as Thyme satureoides oil, it showed moderate antibacterial activity with an MIC of 1840.	Tested	32119179
		Thymus vulgaris essential oil	INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes	France	Aroma-Zone, Paris, France	Explored as an alternative to antibiotics.	No known regulations			Multiple varieties (chemotypes) were tested. The geraniol and thymol varieties exhibited moderate activity (MICs ranging from 440 to 907), while the thujanol and linalool varieties showed weak activity (MICs from 3360 to over 3568). The geraniol thyme variety showed an additive effect when combined with Ceylon cinnamon bark oil.	Tested	32119179
		Thymus vulgaris leaf extract	Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Aquatic Organisms and Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Nilton Lins University, Amazonas; Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo; and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University, Ulongue	Brazil	Tested as thyme essential oil, purchased from Phytoterapica, Brazil.	Screened as a promising herbal medicine for MAS treatment.	No known regulations			It showed weak antibacterial activity but acted as a bactericide against A. hydrophila, displaying an MIC of 3.75 mg/mL and an MBC of 7.5 mg/mL.	Tested	32966864
		Total saponin from Bupleurum chinense root	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Prepared via column chromatography from the crude methanol extract of roots purchased from Xi'an Wanshou Chinese Medicinal Herbs Markets.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It exhibited strong anthelmintic activity against Dactylogyrus spp.. HPLC analysis revealed that saikosaponins a, c, and d are its main constituents. Its acute toxicity against goldfish.	Tested	25266906
		Tribulus terrestris fruit extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed no anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Trichosanthes kirilowii fruit extract	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; and College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Dry powder of the plant (seeds used) was extracted under reflux with trichloromethane and ethyl acetate, concentrated, and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Note: The text specifies the extract was derived from the seeds rather than the fruit flesh. It was identified to possess GCRV suppression efficacy at a concentration of 90.0 mg/l and significantly suppressed viral genes, especially the VP3 gene.	Tested	28232195
		Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract	Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia; and Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir	Spain	Fenugreek seeds were obtained from a local market in Cairo, Egypt, and then crushed.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text, although medicinal plants are described as safe, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly prophylactic alternatives to chemotherapeutics and antibiotics in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Dietary administration of powdered fenugreek seeds at 1%, 5%, and 10% in the feed of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) for 8 weeks did not negatively affect any measured metabolic parameters. At the 10% level, the supplement significantly decreased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, potassium, and the albumin/globulin ratio. Inclusion at 5% and 10% improved humoral and cellular immune activities, respectively, though it did not significantly affect serum bacteriostatic activity against the tested fish pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria.	Tested	29337247
		Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole	Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza and State University of Ceará, Fortaleza	Brazil	Sigma Chemical Corporation; USA	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			It was evaluated in vitro against Vibrio species isolated from prawn farming. It showed MIC values ranging from 0.0156/0.297 to 0.125/2.37 µg/mL against the tested strains.	Tested	26851782
		Triticum aestivum grass juice	"Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology, ""Alexandru Ioan Cuza"" University, Iasi"	Romania	Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn) was grown in plastic trays, harvested at 10 days post-germination (15 cm height), and cold-pressed using a Lexen Healthy Juicer GP27.	Investigated as a natural, sustainable, and bioactive-rich functional feed additive for sturgeon broodstock to optimize nutrition, reduce oxidative stress, and improve reproductive success and larval quality, addressing critical challenges in sturgeon aquaculture and conservation restocking programs.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a dietary supplement (4% inclusion level for 6 weeks) in female sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) broodstock. WGJ supplementation significantly improved reproductive parameters, increasing egg production and the gonadosomatic index compared to the control group. It also resulted in superior larval quality (significantly greater weight and length). WGJ demonstrated strong immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects; it reduced the number of neutrophils in the blood and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPX) across muscle, liver, and intestine tissues, leading to a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde levels).	Tested	39965289
		Triticum aestivum seed extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed no anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Typha angustifolia whole plant extract	College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling	China	Evaluated as one of the 13 herbal medicines; it is the source plant of the active antiviral constituent naringenin.	Herbal medicines are widely used in antiviral research to combat WSSV in global crustacean aquaculture.	No known regulations			Screened for anti-WSSV activity in Procambarus clarkii. It was discovered to be the source of naringenin, which possesses potent antiviral properties against the pathogen.	Tested	34227114
		Ulva fasciata whole plant extract	ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai; ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai; Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai; and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin At Madison, WI	India	Collected from the intertidal zone of the Thoothukudi coastal area of Tamil Nadu, India, and extracted using ethyl acetate solvent.	Developing bio-inhibitors from marine resources is considered a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to chemotherapeutic agents, helping to combat the development of resistance among aquatic bacteria.	No known regulations			Evaluated against luminescence disease-causing Vibrio harveyi during Penaeus monodon (shrimp) larviculture. At a dose of 200 ug/mL, it significantly reduced the cumulative percentage of mortality of shrimp postlarvae to 32.40 percent compared to 76.30 percent in the infected control. The extract successfully decreased the growth, phospholipase activity, and hemolytic activity of V. harveyi. GC-MS analysis identified 36 compounds; subsequent molecular docking revealed that methyl dehydroabietate had the highest binding affinity to the bacterial hemolysin protein.	Tested	34097104
		Uncaria rhynchophylla stem with hook extract	College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi; and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi	China	Prepared from dry plant powder extracted with methanol for 4 hours, then filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Evaluated at 100 mg/L in EPC cells, it maintained a cell viability. It was identified as possessing >50% IHNV inhibition activity, keeping the expression of the IHNV glycoprotein.	Tested	31494148
		Vigna mungo pod acetone extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from black gram pods that were collected, shade dried, and powdered.	Evaluated as an agricultural waste-derived source of anti-virulence compounds to replace conventional antibiotics in fish farming.	No known regulations			Exhibited an MIC of 500 ug/mL against A. hydrophila. The extract successfully decreased biofilm development and disrupted cell matrix formation.	Tested	37237796
		Vigna mungo pod ethanol extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from collected and powdered black gram pods.	Evaluated as an agricultural waste-derived source of anti-virulence compounds.	No known regulations			Demonstrated strong activity with an MIC of 250 ug/mL against A. hydrophila. SEM images confirmed its ability to reduce cell size and inhibit biofilm formation.	Tested	37237796
		Vigna mungo pod ethyl acetate extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from collected and powdered black gram pods.	Evaluated as an agricultural waste-derived source of anti-virulence compounds.	No known regulations			Exhibited an MIC of 500 ug/mL against A. hydrophila. Treatment resulted in the shrinkage and splitting of the bacterial cells by altering their morphology and lipopolysaccharides.	Tested	37237796
		Vigna mungo pod hexane extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from collected and powdered black gram pods.	Evaluated as an agricultural waste-derived source of anti-virulence compounds.	No known regulations			Exhibited an MIC of 500 ug/mL against A. hydrophila. Displayed biofilm inhibition under SEM.	Tested	37237796
		Vigna mungo pod methanol extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from collected and powdered black gram pods.	Evaluated as an agricultural waste-derived source of anti-virulence compounds.	No known regulations			Demonstrated strong activity with an MIC of 250 ug/mL against A. hydrophila. The FT-IR spectrum of the treated bacterial biomass showed distinct OH and C-H alkene peaks, verifying the interaction of the extract's metabolites with the bacteria to prevent biofilm formation.	Tested	37237796
		Vigna mungo pod petroleum ether extract	Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Anna University, Tiruchirappalli; Kyungpook National University, Daegu; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	India 	Extracted via cold maceration from collected and powdered black gram pods.	Evaluated as an agricultural waste-derived source of anti-virulence compounds.	No known regulations			Exhibited an MIC of 500 ug/mL against A. hydrophila. As a non-polar solvent extract, it showed less pronounced structural interaction bands in FT-IR compared to the polar extracts, but still functioned to reduce the biofilm matrix.	Tested	37237796
		Virkon Aquatic	Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands; and Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø	Spain	Obtained from Bayer Laboratories, Spain (Cat.130000014173).	A broad commercial formula containing multiple active agents (e.g., Pentapotassium bis(peroxymonosulfate) bis(sulfate), Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate) that oxidizes sulfur bonds in proteins and enzymes, rupturing the cell wall. Tested as a biocide for aquaculture biosecurity protocols. Approved by the European Commission for health care and veterinary settings.	Approved	EU		Evaluated in vitro against the free-living planktonic state and biofilms of Vibrio spp. and P. damselae subsp. piscicida. Virkon Aquatic (VirA) showed intermediate efficacy. It maintained a constant MIC of 1% against free-living cells but required up to 4% (MBC) to kill P. damselae. For biofilm eradication (MBEC), it required a 1.0% concentration. Kinetically, it was slower than Peracetic acid, requiring up to 10 minutes for effective eradication. In vivo toxicity testing showed that adding 1.0% VirA directly to the water caused the fastest and highest mortality (>50%) in juvenile Gilthead seabream, with deaths starting after only 12 hours.	Actively Used	39175494
		Virkon-S	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia	USA	Pharmacal, Naugatuck, Connecticut	It is the only U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered disinfectant specifically labeled for use in aquaculture facilities to control viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens.	Registered	USA		It was found to be highly effective in vitro, eliminating or heavily reducing populations of both E. ictaluri and E. tarda quickly upon contact.	Actively Used	21413505
		Virkon-S	Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO)	Italy	Commercial product from Dupont, UK.	Used in aquaculture for the disinfection of ponds and farm equipment, and is effective against a wide range of viruses, bacteria, and fungi.	No known regulations			It is a mixture of peroxygens, surfactants, organic acids, and inorganic salts. The product showed an MIC and MLC of 1,000 ppm against the tested Saprolegnia strains.	Actively Used	30536642
		Xanthium sibiricum fruit extract	Northwest A&F University, Yangling and Jinan University, Guangzhou	China	Collected fresh and authenticated by Northwest A&F University, China	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The extract showed no anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius.	Tested	24005478
		Zanthoxylum piperitum fruit ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Zingiber officinale aqueous extract	University of Stirling, Scotland, UK and Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.	Israel 	Tekoa Farms, Israel.	Anti-parasitic treatments (chemotherapeutant or herbal) are currently not regulated in ornamental fishes. However, the treatment of fish destined for human consumption is highly regulated.	No known regulations			Tested but not actively used. It was investigated in vitro and found to be less efficient than the ethanolic extract.	Tested	25819871
		Zingiber officinale ethanolic extract	University of Stirling, Scotland, UK and Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.	Israel 	Tekoa Farms, Israel.	Anti-parasitic treatments (chemotherapeutant or herbal) are currently not regulated in ornamental fishes. However, the treatment of fish destined for human consumption is highly regulated.	No known regulations			Tested but not actively used; proven to be an effective alternative immersion treatment against monogenean infection. It was found to be much more effective than the aqueous extract.	Tested	25819871
		Zingiber officinale rhizome ethyl acetate extract	Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian	China	Purchased from Yichuntang Pharmacy (Dalian, Liaoning, China) and extracted using a Soxhlet extraction method with ethyl acetate.	It is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluated for its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical parasiticides.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena piriformis. The extract was able to kill all ciliates within a 3-hour exposure period at a minimum concentration of 2500 mg/L.	Tested	38518713
		Zingiber zerumbet essential oil	Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan; and Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing	China	Purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).	Essential oils are being investigated as environment-friendly alternatives to chemical anthelmintics.	No known regulations			Tested under the name Zedoary oil, it achieved a maximum anthelmintic efficacy of 100 percent against G. kobayashii. The concentration with the best anthelmintic efficacy was 15 mg/L, while the concentration causing fish mortality was 20 mg/L, indicating it could successfully remove the infection.	Tested	35804584
		1,8-diaminooctane carbonized nanogels	Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei; Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei; and School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung	Taiwan	Synthesized in the laboratory via mild pyrolysis (180 C for 3 hours) of a mixture containing 1,8-diaminooctane (purchased from Sigma-Aldrich) and dextran 70 (purchased from GE Healthcare).	Developed to combat acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp to reduce the livestock industry's reliance on antibiotics and to bypass issues with antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro and in vivo against AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The optimal formulation (DAO/DEX5.0-CNGs) demonstrated potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 9 to 19 ug/mL for the tested Vibrio strains. The nanogels disrupted bacterial membranes, elevated bacterial oxidative stress, and efficiently absorbed the lethal PirAB toxins (absorbing over 80 percent of the toxins). In whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) trials, feeding at 100 ug/g significantly improved the survival rate post-infection from 26 percent (control) to 73 percent, with no observed toxicity, dysbiosis, or significant bioaccumulation.	Tested	34952588
		Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide	Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou; University Key Lab for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou; and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao	China	Purchased from Yangling Ciyuan Company (Shanxi, China) with a net content of 98% polysaccharides.	It is derived from traditional Chinese medicine and is widely used as an immunopotentiator in aquaculture due to its low toxicity and low side effects.	No known regulations			It is the most effective bioactive ingredient extracted from the dried roots of Astragalus membranaceus. In vivo feeding experiments in the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) showed it enhanced serum total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) contents, increased the activities of non-specific immune enzymes and antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA), and boosted the phagocytic activity of head kidney macrophages. In vitro tests on primary head kidney macrophages (PKM) demonstrated that it inhibited ROS production while enhancing NO production, phagocytic activity, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS.	Actively Used	32142872
		Biological chitosan nanoparticles	Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira; Central Laboratories, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria	Egypt	"Biosynthesized via a ""green approach"" using Bacillus subtilis and chitosan. The process involves incubating the bacteria with chitosan in Enrichment Medium broth, followed by autoclaving and centrifugation."	Heavy metal pollution, such as Cadmium (Cd), poses severe risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Bio-CHNPs are investigated as an eco-friendly, biocompatible feed supplement to mitigate this environmental toxicity in aquaculture.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vivo in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to Cadmium. The administration of Bio-CHNPs (3 g/kg feed) significantly reduced Cd accumulation in hepato-renal tissues. It effectively mitigated Cd-induced oxidative stress by restoring antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, CAT, TAC) and reducing total peroxides (TPX). Furthermore, Bio-CHNPs exhibited strong anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, IL-8, LBP). The treatment also normalized stress and growth hormones, reduced DNA damage, and promoted the histological recovery of the liver, kidneys, and intestine.	Tested	40241168
		Chitosan nanoparticles	Centre for Ocean Research (DST-FIST Sponsored Centre), MOES-Earth Science & Technology Cell (Marine Biotechnological Studies), Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai; and Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai	India	Synthesized in the laboratory using two distinct methods: Method A (direct ionic gelation) and Method B (low-molecular-weight chitosan microparticle intermediate method). The raw chitosan (85 percent deacetylation) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich.	Chitosan is a biodegradable compound widely used as a drug-delivery agent in aquaculture, but very limited literature exists regarding the toxicity of its nanoparticle forms in aquatic organisms, prompting this comparative safety evaluation.	No known regulations			The study compared the toxicity of nanoparticles synthesized via Method A (yielding 192.7 nm asymmetrical particles) and Method B (yielding 22.9 nm symmetrical particles). Method B particles were consistently more toxic across all models. In brine shrimp (Artemia salina), the 24-hour LC50 was 1.51 ppm for Method A and 0.02 ppm for Method B. In whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), the 24-hour LC50 was 3235.94 ppm for Method A and 2884.03 ppm for Method B. In zebrafish embryos at 20 mg/L, Method B caused 55 percent mortality and elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species, compared to 21.67 percent mortality for Method A. The authors concluded that the direct ionic gelation method (Method A) produces less toxic nanoparticles and is therefore more appropriate for application in aquaculture.	Tested	34694707
		Copper oxide nanoparticles	Adiyaman University, Science and Letters Faculty, Biology Department, Adiyaman; and Adiyaman University, Kahta Vocational School, Veterinary Department, Adiyaman	Turkey	Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (USA) as a nanopowder with a particle size less than 50 nm.	Widely used globally as a nanomaterial in consumer products, medicine, industrial applications, and antifouling paints. This widespread application makes them a significant source of contamination in aquatic environments.	No known regulations			Evaluated for toxicity in Nile tilapia at a concentration of 0.05 mg/L for 4 and 21 days. Similar to Copper Sulfate, it caused cellular damage and oxidative stress, leading to significant elevations in plasma enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH) and stress metabolites (glucose, cortisol, creatinine, BUN). It significantly reduced liver and gill antioxidant defenses (CAT, SOD, GPX, GR, GST, GSH) and increased MDA levels due to lipid peroxidation after 21 days. Its combined toxic effect with Copper Sulfate was synergistic, demonstrating more severe toxicity than its individual exposure.	Actively Used	35298018
		Copper oxide nanoparticles	Science and Letters Faculty, Biology Department, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman; and Kahta Vocational School, Veterinary Department, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman	Turkey	Purchased as CuO-nanopowder particles from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (USA).	They are widely used as nanomaterials in industry and medicine, leading to increased exposure and potential ecological risks in aquatic environments.	No known regulations			The nanoparticles had an average size of 55 nm and spherical/oval shapes. Exposed to O. niloticus at 0.05 mg/L for up to 21 days, they produced hemotoxic and oxidative stress effects highly similar to Copper Sulfate. They significantly decreased erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, while decreasing SOD and CAT activities and increasing G6PD, GSH, MDA, and blood Cu levels. The study concluded that the nanoparticles were slightly more toxic than Copper Sulfate regarding the observed hematological changes and oxidative stress.	Actively Used	34216227
		Curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles	Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai; Nutrition, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai; and Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai	India	Synthesized via the ionic gelation method.	Evaluated as a dietary supplement and feed additive to fortify shrimp feed pellets to protect against oxidative stress in aquaculture.	No known regulations			The nanoparticles had an encapsulation efficiency of 78 percent and exhibited a slow, sustained release of curcumin (82 percent release up to 48 hours). In antioxidant assays, they showed a higher free radical scavenging potential with a lower EC50 (62.33 ug/mL) compared to bare chitosan nanoparticles and pure curcumin. In vivo, shrimp (Penaeus vannamei post larvae) fed with the fortified pellets demonstrated a higher survival rate and effective scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress.	Tested	33545880
		Gold nanoparticles	Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh; and Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef	Austria	Synthesized in the laboratory by chemical reduction of 10 mM tetrachloroauric acid using sodium citrate purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Vienna, Austria.	No specific governmental usage regulations are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			The nanoparticles were synthesized as monodispersed spherical particles with a mean diameter of 11.06–14.22 nm. The study evaluated their in vitro antimicrosporidial activity against Heterosporis saurida, a parasite causing severe economic losses in lizardfish (Saurida undosquamis) aquaculture. They significantly inhibited the propagation of spores in EK-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner while exhibiting negligible cytotoxicity to the host cells.	Tested	26939524
		Natural stilbite	ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR-CIFE), Mumbai, India	India	Quarries in the western part of Maharashtra, India	No specific governmental regulations regarding the use of this material are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Tested for potential applications. Found to be an effective, non-toxic natural adsorbent for removing ammonical toxicants and heavy metals (lead and cadmium) to mitigate stress in freshwater aquaculture. A dose of 10 mg/L is recommended as a cost-effective approach.	Tested	36882549
		Quercetin nanoparticles	Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig; Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez; Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig; Department of Animal Production College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh; Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig; School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica; and Anatomy and Embryology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig	Egypt	Synthesized in the laboratory by injecting an ethanol-quercetin solution into an external aqueous solution containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), homogenizing the mixture, evaporating the ethanol, and lyophilizing the material. The raw chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich International GmbH (St. Louis, MO, USA).	Quercetin is a natural polyphenolic flavonoid compound found in many plants, vegetables, and fruits that acts as a potent antioxidant. Its application is normally restricted by its poor bioavailability and instability, prompting the development of quercetin nanoparticles to improve its effective characteristics and delivery.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a dietary supplement at 400 mg/kg diet in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to mitigate the toxic effects of a 60-day waterborne exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). QNPs significantly restored hepatic function, returning alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels to near normal after AgNP-induced elevation. They counteracted oxidative damage by restoring the activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH), while significantly lowering the bioaccumulation of silver residues in the liver. Furthermore, QNPs increased intestinal enzyme activities (amylase, lipase, and protease), restored normal growth hormone levels, and decreased total intestinal bacterial and Aeromonas counts, thereby protecting the fish from AgNP-induced gut dysbiosis.	Tested	36979642
		Selenite-loaded chitosan nanoparticles	Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig; Department of Clinical Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig Branch; Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig Branch; and Radioactive Isotopes and Generators Department, Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority	Egypt	Prepared by combining inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) and chitosan obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, using tripolyphosphate (TTP) anions. Zein, a water-insoluble corn protein, was added for better encapsulation and controlled release.	Evaluated as a potential aquaculture growth promoter and immune stimulator. Nano-selenium applications offer higher bioavailability and lower toxicity compared to other forms.	No known regulations			Evaluated as a dietary supplement (0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg) for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) over 12 weeks. It significantly improved body weight gain, feed utilization, and down-regulated the myostatin gene. It enhanced the immune response by increasing serum lysozyme, alternative complement, myeloperoxidase, and immunoglobulin M, while reducing C-reactive protein. It also improved antioxidant status by up-regulating glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, and reducing malondialdehyde. When challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila, the 2 g/kg dose yielded the highest survival rate (93 percent) and up-regulated caspase 1 while down-regulating cytochromes P450 and heat shock protein.	Tested	33453383
		Silver Nanoparticles	Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna; Department of Chemistry and Helwan Nanotechnology Center, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo	Austria|Egypt	Biosynthesized via the reduction of silver nitrate using exopolysaccharides (EPS) released by Bacillus nitratireducens, a soil isolate.	Metal nanoparticles are widely investigated as alternative antimicrobial therapeutics, and biosynthesized AgNPs are supposed to possess a better safety level compared to chemically synthesized ones.	No known regulations			The biosynthesized nanoparticles had an average diameter of 56.1 nm and a zeta potential of -33.8 mV. They demonstrated a potent bactericidal effect, with an MIC of 2 ug/mL against A. hydrophila and 4 ug/mL against P. fluorescens, and an MBC of 20 ug/mL for both. Treatment caused moderate morphological changes and tolerability in EPC cell lines at the MIC dose.	Tested	33429926
		Silver Nanoparticles	Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig	Egypt	Evaluated as a commercially produced combined product (AgNPs-H2O2).	Investigated as a safe, effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional antibiotics due to the widespread issue of multidrug resistance (MDR) in aquaculture pathogens.	No known regulations			Evaluated in vitro against multidrug-resistant pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio species) isolated from Nile tilapia and marine water. The combination of AgNPs and H2O2 demonstrated a synergistic bactericidal effect, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.5 to 8 µg/mL. It was highly effective at disrupting bacterial cell membranes and generating high levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Furthermore, sub-inhibitory concentrations significantly down-regulated crucial virulence genes (aerA, exoU, and trh) in the tested pathogens.	Tested	38575637
		Sodium acetate-modified stilbite	ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR-CIFE), Mumbai, India	India	Synthesized in the laboratory using the natural clinoptilolite (from Maharashtra) and a sodium acetate solution	No specific governmental regulations regarding the use of this material are mentioned in the text.	No known regulations			Tested for potential applications. It exhibited a higher adsorption capacity and slightly higher ammonia and heavy metal removal efficiency compared to the natural form due to opened pores and a more uniform pore size distribution following the microwave treatment.	Tested	36882549
		Yeast glycoprotein	Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing; College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing; and Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang	China	Supplied by Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang, China. It primarily included mannan oligosaccharide, beta-dextran, water, and crude protein.	The Ministry of Agriculture in China has reduced the types and doses of antibiotics allowed in feed since 2017, with the intent to ban their usage as animal feed additives by 2020. This prompts the search for safe and effective alternatives like yeast glycoprotein.	No known regulations			Evaluated for its antimicrobial effect against a multidrug-resistant strain of A. caviae isolated from Carassius auratus gibelio. In vitro, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this product was 83.3, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 166.7. In vivo, feeding fish a basal diet supplemented with 800 of this product significantly decreased the relative abundance of Aeromonas in the intestine while increasing overall microbial diversity following an artificial infection.	Tested	32207876