Tick species	Stage/sex	Morphological keys	Reference
Amblyomma gervaisi	Female	The smallest unfed specimen measures 2.8 x 2.5 mm. The cordiform scutum is broader than long (1.4 - 1.7 mm by 1.6 - 1.9 mm), widest in the anterior third, and features prominent brown stripes that reduce the metallic green background to three widely separated blotches. It possesses large, unequal punctations, moderately deep emargination, short, deep, externally convex cervical grooves that continue as shallow divergent depressions, and lacks marginal grooves. Ventrally, the sub-triangular spiracle has a thickened antero-dorsal margin and a short, posteriorly pointed macula. The coxal armature matches the male's, though coxa I shows a clearer internal spur, and the legs feature one comparatively small tarsal spur. The 0.83 mm capitulum is stronger and more sub-triangular than the male's, with more convex lateral sides, slightly more prominent cornua, a posteriorly concave dorsal ridge, and a very small, crescent-shaped dorsal process.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Amblyomma gervaisi	Male	The body is nearly as broad as or slightly broader than it is long, measuring 1.9 - 2.4 mm in length and 2 - 2.5 mm in breadth. The scutum features a metallic green background with brown stripes and spots, including a falciform stripe fused with antero-accessory stripes that divide the lateral green blotches, and a narrow postero-median stripe that broadens to fuse with the falciform stripe. It also possesses large, sub-equal punctations, deep, externally convex cervical grooves, deep emargination, and lacks lateral grooves. Ventrally, it has a comma-shaped spiracle with a thickened antero-dorsal margin, an oval anus, and a genital aperture opposite coxa II strengthened by a post-genital chitinous plate. The legs feature very short pads and a short, blunt internal spur on all coxae, with coxa I occasionally having a second obsolete inner spur. The 0.83 mm capitulum has a sub-rectangular base with obsolete cornua, palps four times as long as broad, and a hypostome with 3/3 rows of ~7 strong teeth followed by 4/4 rows of scale-like teeth.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Amblyomma gervaisi	Nymph	The inornate, light brown, cordiform scutum measures 0.6 x 0.83 mm and is broadest in the anterior half, featuring a broadly rounded posterior angle and slightly concave or straight postero-lateral sides. It has few, deep, sparsely scattered punctations and narrow, deep cervical grooves that run parallel before diverging and failing to reach the posterior margin. The venter displays a comma-shaped spiracle with an obliquely truncated tail and a very small, sub-circular macula. Legs feature a short, blunt internal spur on coxa I (sometimes paired with an obsolete inner spur), short blunt middle spurs on the other coxae, a humped tarsus IV, and comparatively longer claws than the adults. The 0.33 mm capitulum resembles the female's but has a sub-rectangular base (over three times as broad as long) with poorly developed cornua, and a hypostome armed with 2/2 rows of five strong teeth followed by 3/3 rows of scale-like teeth.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Amblyomma integrum	Female	Coxa I with two short spurs and coxae II-III each with a single spur; Scutum ornate; Hypostome 3/3; coxa I with two unequal spurs.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Amblyomma integrum	Male	Coxa I with two strongly unequal spurs; scutum pale with considerable dark brown ornamentation; falciform stripe present; punctation coarse and sub-equal; hypostome 3/3.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Amblyomma integrum	Nymph	Coxa I has two well-separated unequal spurs and the other coxae have each a single spur in the middle of their length; The antero-Iateral sides are convex and are almost equal in length to the postero Iateral sides, which are straight and meet each other posteriorly in a broadly truncated angle.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Amblyomma javanense	Female	The female tick measures an average of 3.54 mm in length and 2.68 mm in width. Unlike the male, the female's inornate scutum covers only one-third of its body, measuring an average of 1.56 mm in length. Ventrally, it shares the male's general characteristics, including an anal ridge and groove, a genital aperture present at the level of the second coxae , and 13 festoons where the first is the broadest. The adult female hypostome also features a 3/3 dentition formula. The coxal spur arrangement matches the male's, exhibiting two sub-equal separated blunt spurs on coxa I, short blunt spurs on coxae II and III, and a short pointed spur on coxa IV.	Jabin, Gul, Yashwini Dewan, Hiren Khatri, Sujeet K. Singh, Kailash Chandra, and Mukesh Thakur. “Identifying the Tick Amblyomma Javanense (Acari: Ixodidae) from Chinese Pangolin: Generating Species Barcode, Phylogenetic Status and Its Implication in Wildlife Forensics.” Experimental and Applied Acarology 78, no. 3 (2019): 461–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-019-00393-1.
Amblyomma javanense	Male	The male tick has an average body size of 3.44 mm in length and 2.39 mm in width. It possesses an inornate scutum that is expanded to cover the whole body. The ventral side of the body features an anal ridge and groove, as well as a genital aperture located at the level of the second coxae. The posterior margin features a total of 13 festoons, with the first festoon being the broadest. The adult hypostome presents a 3/3 dentition formula. The legs are equipped with two sub-equal, separated blunt spurs on the first coxae, a short blunt spur on both the second and third coxae, and a short pointed spur on the fourth coxae.	Jabin, Gul, Yashwini Dewan, Hiren Khatri, Sujeet K. Singh, Kailash Chandra, and Mukesh Thakur. “Identifying the Tick Amblyomma Javanense (Acari: Ixodidae) from Chinese Pangolin: Generating Species Barcode, Phylogenetic Status and Its Implication in Wildlife Forensics.” Experimental and Applied Acarology 78, no. 3 (2019): 461–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-019-00393-1.
Amblyomma javanense	Nymph	The nymph is smaller, measuring an average of 1.66 mm in length and 1.20 mm in width. Its scutum covers two-thirds of its body and measures an average of 0.90 mm in length. The nymphal hypostome differs from the adults by having a 2/2 dentition formula with an eight-tooth file. Other features noted for the species include two sub-equal separated blunt spurs on the first coxae, short blunt spurs on the second and third coxae, a short pointed spur on the fourth coxae , a ventral anal ridge and groove , and 13 festoons with the first being the broadest.	Jabin, Gul, Yashwini Dewan, Hiren Khatri, Sujeet K. Singh, Kailash Chandra, and Mukesh Thakur. “Identifying the Tick Amblyomma Javanense (Acari: Ixodidae) from Chinese Pangolin: Generating Species Barcode, Phylogenetic Status and Its Implication in Wildlife Forensics.” Experimental and Applied Acarology 78, no. 3 (2019): 461–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-019-00393-1.
Amblyomma kraneveldi	Female	The sub-circular body lacks dorsal foveae, marginal grooves, and hairs. The inornate, reddish-brown scutum (averaging 1.26 x 1.94 mm) features uniformly distributed, very small punctations and short, deep, externally convex cervical grooves. Ventral features (such as hair-bearing punctations and genital/anal opening positions) and festoons resemble the male's, though the spiracular plates are slightly shorter. The 0.776 mm capitulum has a sub-rectangular basis with more convex lateral margins, a rugose dorsal surface, small distinct cornua, and porose areas separated by a distance equal to their diameter. The palpi, hypostome, legs, and coxal spurs are all similar to those of the male.	Anastos, George. “Two New Species of Ticks from Soembawa Island, Indonesia (Acarina: Ixodidae).” The Journal of Parasitology 42, no. 3 (1956): 306. https://doi.org/10.2307/3274859.
Amblyomma kraneveldi	Male	The body is approximately as long as it is wide (averaging 2.36 x 2.56 mm) and narrows slightly below the cervical grooves. The inornate, reddish-brown scutum features 11 distinct festoons, faint lateral grooves, short, deep, externally convex cervical grooves, and few, inconspicuous punctations restricted to the margins. Dorsal foveae and hairs are absent. Ventrally, it has hair-bearing punctations, a genital opening opposite coxae II, an anal opening opposite the spiracular plates (which are ~2.5 times as long as wide), and moderate legs with two short equal spurs on coxa I and a single small spur on coxae II–IV (slightly longer on IV). The 0.711 mm capitulum possesses a sub-rectangular basis with small distinct cornua, short rugose palps, and a 0.450 mm hypostome with a large corona and 3/3 dentition of 6–8 teeth per file.	Anastos, George. “Two New Species of Ticks from Soembawa Island, Indonesia (Acarina: Ixodidae).” The Journal of Parasitology 42, no. 3 (1956): 306. https://doi.org/10.2307/3274859.
Amblyomma pattoni	Female	The scutum is either uniformly brown and inornate (with few, fine, sparsely scattered punctations) or ornate with a metallic green background divided into three blotches by brown stripes, featuring large and numerous punctations. Ornate females possess either a scutum that is as long as or longer than broad (featuring few large punctations, unspurred tarsi, and a 4/4 hypostome) or a scutum that is broader than long (featuring numerous punctations, spurred tarsi, and a 3/3 hypostome). Those with the broader-than-long scutum exhibit either a rounded posterior angle with comparatively large punctations and two strongly unequal spurs on coxa I (the internal being obsolete), or a truncated posterior angle with comparatively small punctations and two distinct, sub-equal spurs on coxa I.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Amblyomma pattoni	Male	The scutum is characterized by numerous punctations and can be either inornate or ornate. When inornate, the punctations are either markedly unequal, or they are fine, superficial, and sparse (especially in the median area). When ornate, the scutum features a metallic green background divided into five or seven blotches by brown stripes and spots, with almost sub-equal punctations. Ornate males may be comparatively small with large punctations, limited brown striping/spotting, and two markedly unequal spurs on coxa I (with the internal spur absent or obsolete); alternatively, they may be comparatively large with smaller punctations, extensive brown striping/spotting, and two distinct, sub-equal spurs on coxa I.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Amblyomma pattoni	Nymph	Few punctations combined with a single distinct spur on coxa I (where tarsus IV can either possess or completely lack a hump), or it presents with more numerous punctations paired with two distinct spurs on coxa I.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Amblyomma species		Anal grooves embracing the anus posteriorly. Generally ornate with dark spots and stripes on pale ground. Eyes and festoons present. Palps are usually long, with article 2 especially long. No ventral plates in the male. Species of the genus are characterized by the usually long mouthparts. The palpal article 2 is about 2 or 3 times as long as article 3. The palp 3 is bent slightly inwards. Almost all species belonging to Ambylomma are three-host ticks, whereas Aponomma species are usually one-host and feed exclusively on amphibians.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Amblyomma testudinarium	Female	The unfed female measures 4.5 x 4 mm, featuring a scutum ranging from 2.4 - 3.5 mm in length by 2.9 - 4.25 mm in breadth. The capitulum (2 - 2.5 mm long) is comparatively stronger with a broader base than the male's, and it features large, sub-circular porose areas separated by a distance less than their own diameter. The palps are five times as long as broad, and the external cheliceral article bears three cusps alongside a crescent-shaped dorsal process.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Amblyomma testudinarium	Male	The body ranges from 4.5 - 6 mm in length and 4 - 5 mm in width, featuring a conspicuously small Haller's organ, pads attaining one-third the length of the claws, and a sub-triangular spiracle with a broad, truncated postero-dorsal extension. The capitulum (1.85 - 2.25 mm long) has a rectangular base about twice as broad as long with externally convex lateral sides, no definite ventral ridge, and obsolete cornua. The palps are four times as long as broad; article I has a fused sub-triangular ventral plate with two simple hairs, article II bears about five simple hairs on both the infra- and supra-internal margins, and article III features an anterior ventral depression for the tiny fourth article. The hypostome has 4/4 rows of ~8 strong teeth on the distal third, followed by numerous (~10/10) rows of squamiform teeth posteriorly, while the external cheliceral article possesses a single lateral cusp, an anterior conical point, and a crescent-shaped dorsal process.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Amblyomma testudinarium	Nymph	The nymph features a brown, sub-cordiform scutum (0.8 x 1.1 mm) that is broadest in the anterior half, with sparsely scattered punctations (larger laterally) and cervical grooves that are deep and convergent anteriorly but shallow and broad posteriorly. The sub-triangular spiracle has more rounded angles than the female's. The legs feature two well-separated spurs on coxa I (the external being longer), a short sub-triangular middle spur on the other coxae, a gradually tapering tarsus IV without a ventral spur, and pads attaining half the claw length. The 0.53 mm long capitulum has a rectangular base with convex lateral sides and no cornua, while the palps possess a comparatively longer third article, one simple infra-internal hair on article I, and two short supra-internal and two long infra-internal hairs on article II. The hypostome is armed with 2/2 rows of ~6 strong teeth followed by ~8 scale-like teeth.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Argas reflexus	Female	The female shares the same dorsoventrally flattened, ovoid body shape as the male but grows larger, reaching up to 1.2 cm in length. When looking at the ventral side, it also features eight legs, mouthparts, cheliceres, a hypostome, pedipalps, a centrally situated genital opening, and an anus.	Mehlhorn, Heinz. “Argas Species, Leather or Soft Ticks.” In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, edited by Heinz Mehlhorn. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_260-2.
Argas reflexus	Male	The male pigeon tick has a dorsoventrally flattened body that appears ovoid when viewed from the dorsal side. It looks very similar to the female but is somewhat shorter, reaching up to 7.5 mm in length. Ventrally, it possesses eight legs, mouthparts, cheliceres, a hypostome, pedipalps, a centrally situated genital opening, and an anus.	Mehlhorn, Heinz. “Argas Species, Leather or Soft Ticks.” In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, edited by Heinz Mehlhorn. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_260-2.
Argas reflexus	Nymph	The nymph also exhibits a dorsoventrally flattened, ovoid body, but it is smaller than the adults, measuring between 3.5 and 6.5 mm in length. Just like the adult stages, its ventral side is characterized by the presence of eight legs, mouthparts, cheliceres, a hypostome, pedipalps, a centrally situated genital opening, and an anus.	Mehlhorn, Heinz. “Argas Species, Leather or Soft Ticks.” In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, edited by Heinz Mehlhorn. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_260-2.
Dermacentor auratus	Female	The oval, slightly anteriorly narrowed body features a hairy and wrinkled general dorsal surface and is broadest in front of the spiracle. The broad, sub-hexagonal, ornate scutum is broadest in its anterior third (measuring 1.7 - 2.5 mm long by 2 - 3 mm broad) and features flat yellow eyes, large circular punctations interspersed with fine ones, and a narrow limiting stripe running behind the eyes to meet at the posterior end. Cervical grooves are initially deep and convergent before becoming shallow and divergent, forming a superficially depressed oval cervical field alongside ill-defined lateral grooves. Ventrally, the genital aperture is opposite coxa II, and the sub-triangular spiracle has a strongly truncated dorsal angle and a pointed macula. The leg segments are longer than the male's, with sub-equal, comparatively longer coxae; coxa I has two spurs, coxae II–IV each have two sub-equal spurs, and tarsus IV features comparatively stronger spurs than the male. The capitulum is comparatively longer (1.5 mm) with stronger cornua and broader-than-long oval porose areas separated by their shortest diameter. The palps are longer than the male's (article II is much longer than III), the hypostome teeth are stronger and more numerous, and the external cheliceral article bears three cusps.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Dermacentor auratus	Male	The body is oval, narrowing anteriorly, and is broadest in front of the spiracle, with length ranging from 4.2 to 6.5 mm and breadth from 3.25 to 5.2 mm. The scutum features slightly raised brown stripes on a whitish background, including a falciform stripe whose sigmoid horns boundary the pseudo-scutum and fuse with the small ocular spots, as well as an irregular median longitudinal stripe and inward-bending postero-accessory stripes. All festoons are longer than broad with broad brown separating grooves, and except for the typically brown third festoon, they are marked with brown-margined white spots and strengthened by postero-ventral brown scutes. The scutum's punctations are numerous and markedly unequal, featuring large, deep, round pits interspersed with fine ones (large punctations are absent on the stripes), while the cervical grooves are deep and convergent anteriorly but shallow and divergent posteriorly. Ventrally, the genital aperture lies opposite coxa II with a transverse chitinous plate on its lower margin, the anus is broader than long, and the short, comma-shaped spiracle features a blunt macula. The strong, massive, punctate legs are ornate with whitish specks, featuring blunt ventral spine-like processes, a massively enlarged coxa IV (twice the size of others) with multiple short spurs, and two short, progressively decreasing spurs on coxae I, II, and III. The capitulum (1.2 mm long) is ornate and punctate dorsally, with a rectangular base, broad short cornua, and palps twice as long as broad where article II is the largest. The hypostome has 3/3 rows of ~10 equal teeth followed by scale-like teeth, and the external cheliceral article bears two cusps.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Dermacentor auratus	Nymph	The nymph's brown, sub-hexagonal scutum (0.5 x 0.54 mm) is broadest in the middle, turning reddish-brown near the eyes, and features deep anteriorly convergent cervical grooves that disappear in the posterior third. Punctations are few and superficial, restricted to the posterior portion of the median field, and shallow lateral grooves enclose superficial cervical fields. Ventrally, the spiracle is pear-shaped. The legs feature two fairly strong, equal, well-separated spurs on coxa I, a pointed triangular spur near the external angle of coxae II–IV, and a gradually tapering tarsus IV lacking a ventral spur. The capitulum (0.38 mm long) differs considerably from the adult: the hexagonal base lacks cornua and has strongly pointed lateral angles, while the long distinct palps feature an article II lacking ridges but bearing long hairs. The strongly spatulate hypostome has 3/3 rows of six strong teeth in the anterior half, followed by 2/2 rows of seven scale-like teeth.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Dermacentor species		The base capitulum is rectangular dorsally. Coxa IV is greatly enlarged in the male, which has no ventral plates. They are generally three-host ticks.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis aborensis	Female	The mean body length is 2.79 - 3.56 mm and breadth is 1.69 - 2.23 mm, with long, narrow legs featuring sub-equal coxal spurs. The smooth, glossy, flat scutum shares the male's small, deep, sub-anterior cervical pits, obsolete cervical grooves, narrow lateral grooves extending to coxa III enclosing the first festoon, bulging lateral surface, 11 festoons, and shallow, small-to-medium punctations concentrated chiefly posteriorly and anterolaterally. The capitulum features a basis dorsally 2.5 - 2.8 times as broad as long with straight external margins, short, broadly triangular cornua (1/4 to 1/3 the base length), and small to moderately large oval or sub-oval porose areas; the compact palpi have 3 - 4 dorsointernal and ventrointernal setae each, and the posteriorly narrow hypostome (shorter than the palpi) has a 5/5 dental formula with 6 - 9 denticles per file.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis aborensis	Larva	The mean length is approximately 0.8 mm and breadth is 0.5 mm. The scutum is about 13 times as broad as long, featuring few, inconspicuous punctations and genital grooves shaped as arcs reaching to the scutal mid-length. The capitulum features a basis dorsally ~2 times as broad as long with straight external margins and broadly triangular cornua (~1/5 the base length), alongside broadly posteriorly salient palpi (combined breadth ~1.45 times the basis breadth) and a hypostome slightly longer than the palpi with a 2/2 dental formula of 5–7 denticles per file.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis aborensis	Male	The overall body measures 2.33–3.08 mm in length and 1.49 - 2.00 mm in width, featuring long, narrow legs with sub-equal coxal spurs and ovate spiracular plates (1.5 - 1.8 times as long as broad). The smooth, glossy, flat scutum (1.26–1.31 times as long as broad) possesses 11 festoons, small, deep, sub-circular, sub-anterior cervical pits with obsolete cervical grooves, narrow distinct lateral grooves extending to coxa III to enclose the first festoon, a bulging surface lateral to the grooves, and shallow, small-to-medium punctations concentrated posteriorly and anterolaterally. The capitulum features a basis dorsally ~1.9 times as broad as long with straight external margins and broadly triangular, bluntly pointed cornua (~1/4 the base length); the compact palpi have 5 dorsal and 3–4 ventral setae, and the posteriorly narrow hypostome (shorter than the palpi) features 5 - 6 dense rows of small hooklets and a 5/5 dental formula of 6 - 9 denticles per file.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis aborensis	Nymph	The overall body measures 1.21 -1.54 mm in length and 0.71 - 0.82 mm in width, with moderately long, narrow legs and sub-circular spiracular plates. The scutum is 1.1 -1.2 times as broad as long, featuring few, inconspicuous punctations and cervical grooves that converge from sub-anterior pits before diverging posteriorly beyond the scutal mid-length. The capitulum features a basis dorsally ~1.6 - 1.8 times as broad as long with straight external margins and elongately triangular, sharply pointed cornua (~2/3 the base length), along with broadly posteriorly salient palpi (combined breadth 1.5 times the basis breadth) and a hypostome (as long as or longer than the palpi) with a 2/2 dental formula of 7 - 8 denticles per file.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis aculeata	Female	The ovoid body is 1.5 -1.8 mm long, featuring legs with a spatulate spur on trochanter I, a moderate, triangular, pointed spur on coxa I extending to the anterior of coxa II, and no spurs or crests on coxae or trochanters II to IV. The capitulum has small, oval porose areas, four long, lanceolate infrainternal setae, a 4/4 dental formula with 8–9 denticles per file, and spurs on palpal segment III (a moderate, broadly triangular ventral spur extending just beyond the segment II/III margin, and a moderate, triangular dorsal spur extending to half of segment II).	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis aculeata	Larva	The small body is 0.7 - 0.9 mm long, with legs featuring a small, triangular spur on coxa I reaching the anterior of coxa II, and no spurs or crests on coxae II and III or any of the trochanters. The capitulum has very short, broadly triangular cornua about half the length of the basis capitulum, very loosely arranged palps with minimal to no salience on segment II, a single long ventrointernal infrainternal seta on segment II, no dorsal spur on segment III but a short, broadly triangular ventral spur reaching the anterior of segment II, and a short (~0.08 mm) hypostome with a 2/2 dental formula of 6 - 7 denticles per file.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis aculeata	Male	The oval body is 1.5 -1.8 mm long with a scutum featuring small, short cervical grooves enclosing one festoon on each side, and deeply marked festoons of equal length and breadth. The very elongated capitulum (~0.5 mm) has huge, prominent, triangular, pointed cornua longer than the basis capitulum, a hypostome (~0.2 mm) with a 5/5 dental formula of 8 - 9 denticles per file, four ventrointernal infrainternal setae on palpal segment II, and huge, heavy, bluntly triangular dorsal and ventral spurs on palpal segment III extending to the base of segment II. The legs feature a spatulate spur on coxa I and a large spatulate spur on trochanter I, with no spurs or crest-like structures on coxae or trochanters II to IV.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis aculeata	Nymph	The oval body is ~1 mm long, with legs showing a moderately large, bluntly pointed, triangular spur on coxa I extending to the anterior half of coxa II, crest-like outgrowths on coxae II and III, no spur or crest on coxa IV, a short, broadly triangular spur on trochanter I, and crest-like outgrowths on trochanters II to IV. The capitulum features remarkable cornua equaling the length of the basis capitulum, two long, lanceolate infrainternal setae, a moderate, bluntly pointed, triangular ventral spur on palpal segment III reaching the mid-length of segment II, and a ~0.1 mm hypostome extending slightly beyond the palpal apex with a 2/2 dental formula of 7–8 denticles per file.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis anomala	Female	Ventrolateral spur on palpal segment II is low or obsolete; infrainternal setae number five or more; coxa I spur is moderate to long in length and decreases in size from coxa II onward; No ventrolateral spur on palpal segment II; infrainternal setae are eight in number and are long; porose areas are oval and big; punctations are irregularly scattered; coxa I spur is long but blunt, while others are broadly triangular or ridge-like; trochanters ventrally have no or obsolete spurs.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis anomala	Male	All coxae have long spurs; Ventrolateral spur on palpal segment II is low or obsolete; infrainternal setae number five; ventrobasal spur on palpal segment III reaches to half of palpal segment II, presence of two long spurs on coxa IV; Deep and long lateral grooves are extending up to coxa II; punctations are irregularly scattered; both the spurs on coxa IV are posteroexternally directed, closely spaced, and approximately equal in size; trochanters ventrally have no spurs.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis anomala	Nymph	Basis capitulum is dorsally approximately 2 times as broad as long; cornua are triangular, approximately one-third as long as the base of basis capitulum. Palpi are broadly salient. Hypostome is slightly longer than palpi; dental formula is 2/2, with seven or eight denticles in a file.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis bispinosa	Female	Similar to Male; size larger than Male; No salience; Punctations of scutum few and shallow; palpal segment 3 with dorsal median elevated spur; four or five slender, well-spaced infrainternal setae.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis bispinosa	Male	No salience; Scutum elongate, punctations few and shallow; palpal segment 3 with dorsal, median, elevated spur; infrainternal setae slender, well-spaced.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis bispinosa	Nymph	No salience; Cox III and IV have no distinct spur; Palps narrower, an external profile without re curvature; palpal segment 3 with ventral spur short, blunt, extending about 1/4 distance to the basal margin of palpal segment.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis cornigera	Female	The unfed female measures 2.6 x 1.6 mm. The scutum (1.0 - 1.3 mm long by 1.1 - 1.4 mm broad) is generally broader than long, featuring deep, numerous, close-set, uniformly scattered punctations and sub-parallel cervical grooves that do not reach the posterior margin. The dorsum has a marginal groove enclosing the extreme festoon. Ventrally, the genital aperture is located between the third pair of coxae, the spiracle is pear-shaped with a centrally located macula, and tarsus IV lacks ventral spurs. The capitulum (0.58 mm long) features a base three times as broad as long with short blunt cornua, sub-circular porose areas separated by their own diameter, and a hypostome with 4/4 rows of 12 comparatively stronger teeth. The palps feature an obsolete ventral retroverted process on article II, while article III lacks an external process but has a longer ventral process than the male, creating a discontinuous lateral contour between articles II and III.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Haemaphysalis cornigera	Male	The body measures 2.3 - 3.3 mm in length and 1.5 - 2.1 mm in breadth. The sayal-brown to verona-brown scutum features deep brown posterior margins and festoon separating grooves, fine, numerous, close-set punctations, two irregular central depressions, and short, superficial lateral grooves. The cervical grooves are short, deep, and parallel anteriorly, becoming superficial and divergent posteriorly. Ventrally, the spiracle is sub-triangular with a macula near the anterior angle. The strong legs feature two rows of ventral hairs, coxae that progressively increase in size from I to IV, two well-separated spurs on coxa IV, and a tapering tarsus IV with two ventral spurs. The capitulum (0.45–0.53 mm long) has a base less than three times as broad as long, palps as broad as they are long, and a hypostome with 4/4 to 5/5 rows of ~10 teeth per row. Palpal article II features a short, sub-triangular ventral retroverted process on its lateral salience, while sub-triangular article III bears three processes (a short dorsal ridge, a moderate ventral process, and a long, backward-pointing external process).	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Haemaphysalis cuspidata	Female	Salience not broad; Ventrally, palpal segment 2 less than twice the length of segment 3; spurs of coxa I and trochanter I not spatulate; Palpal segment 3 with dorsal and ventral retroverted spurs elongate, the ventral spur reaching to or beyond the basal margin of palpal segment 2.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis cuspidata	Male	Salience not broad, Cornua very well developed, as long as dorsal basis; Spurs of coxa I and trochanter I pointed; ventrally, palpal segment 2 subequal to length of segment.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis cuspidata	Nymph	Salience less well developed; Ventral retroverted spur of palpal segment 8 extending more than ¾ distance to the basal margin of palpal segment 2; strong dorsal cornua, 1/2 or more length of basis Coxal spur I strong, coxae II to IV with ridge-like projections; cornua greatly elongate, approximately twice as long as their basal breadth.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis darjeeling	Female	Overall body length is approximately 2.8 mm, breadth 1.9 mm. Basis capitulum is approximately 2 times as broad as long, margins as in male; cornua are broadly triangular, one-third as long as the base of basis capitulum; porose areas are comparatively small, tilted, widely spaced, and ovate. Palpi are as in male, longer than in male, reaching almost to the level of palpal apices; dental formula is 4/4, with eight (internal) to ten (external) denticles in a file. Scutum is approximately 1.35 times as broad as long. Cervical grooves are shallow and faint. Cervical pits are narrow, linear, and sub-parallel. Punctations are small, shallow, and obscure; widely distributed in external fields, rare or obsolete in median field. Genital operculum is broadly U-shaped with external margins diverging anteriorly. Legs are same as in males except coxa with spurs of II and I slightly shorter.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis darjeeling	Male	Overall body length is approximately 2.35 mm, breadth 1.5 mm. Basis capitulum is dorsally approximately 1.6 times as broad as long. Palpi are moderately salient. Hypostome is short, broad, reaching to or almost anterior margin of pit of palpal segment IV, approximately 2 times as long as broad posteriorly; dental formula is 5/5, with five (internal) to nine (external) denticles in a file. Scutum is approximately 1.3 times as long as broad, margins broadly rounded; surface is convex and shiny. Cervical grooves are obsolete or faint. Cervical pits are small, deep, and converging. Lateral grooves are obsolete. Punctations are rare, small, superficial, and widely scattered. Festoons number 11. Spiracular plates are transversely oval, and dorsal projection is continuous with plate. Coxa are each with a prominent spur; I is with spur lanceolate, approximately 2 times as long as other spurs; II to IV are each with a broadly triangular spur extending well beyond coxal margin, length sub-equal.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis davisi	Female	The body measures 2.4 - 3.3 mm in length and 1.35 - 1.95 mm in breadth. The scutum (as broad as long and widest slightly anterior to the mid-length) features punctations similar to the male's and deep, linear, slightly converging cervical grooves that extend beyond the mid-length. Ventrally, the genital operculum is ~4/5 as long as its anterior breadth. The capitulum features a basis dorsally ~twice as broad as long with large, irregularly oval, widely spaced porose areas, broadly triangular, apically rounded cornua (~1/3 the base length), palpi resembling the male's, and a hypostome (as long as the palpi) with a 5/5 dental formula of 9–10 denticles per file. The legs possess a somewhat shorter spur on coxa I than the male; broad, sub-equal spurs on coxae II and III extending slightly beyond the posterior margin; an apically pointed spur on coxa II; and apically rounded spurs on coxae III and IV.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis davisi	Male	The body measures 2.55 - 2.93 mm in length and 1.58 - 1.88 mm in breadth. The scutum (~1.5 times as long as broad, widest in the middle) features broadly rounded margins, 11 narrowly elongate festoons, narrow lateral grooves extending beyond the mid-length (without enclosing the festoons), short obscure cervical grooves with small converging pits, and relatively numerous, small, discrete, regularly scattered punctations that leave a smooth, narrow posteromedian line. The capitulum has a basis dorsally ~1.5 times as broad as long with straight external margins, broadly triangular cornua (~1/3 the base length), moderately salient palpi, and a hypostome (slightly shorter than the palpi) with a chiefly 6/6 dental formula (7/7 anteriorly) of 7–11 denticles per file. The long, thin legs possess a prominent lanceolate spur on coxa I (extending beyond the anterior margin of coxa II) and broadly triangular spurs on coxae II to IV.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis davisi	Nymph	The body measures ~1.6 mm in length and 1.1 mm in breadth. The scutum (~1.5 times as broad as long, widest at mid-length) has shallow cervical grooves and few, obscure punctations. The capitulum features a basis dorsally ~twice as broad as long with straight margins, triangular cornua (~1/2 the base length), campanulate palpi (~1.5 times as long as broad), and a hypostome (as long as the palpi) with a 3/3 dental formula of 7–9 denticles per file.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis doenitzi	Female	Salience present; Palpal segment 3 with ventral retroverted spur reduced, length subequal to or less than its basal breadth; Dorsobasal margin of palpal segment 3 without spur; Basal margin of palpal segment 2 with blunt rounded corners; eight to ten broad, closely-set, infrainternal setae.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis doenitzi	Male	Salience broad, rounded, breadth of. palpal segment 2 greater than the length of ventral basis; Basal margin of palpal segment 2 with blunt rounded corners; six or seven feathery, closely-set infrainternal setae.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis doenitzi	Nymph	Ventrobasal external margin of palpal segment 2 without retroverted spur; Basal margin of palpal segment 2 rounded both. dorsally and ventrally; Palpal segment 3 with ventral distinct sharp spur; coxae III and IV with small sharp spurs.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis flava	Female	"The scutum is almost as broad as it is long, featuring a rounded outline widest at mid-length, numerous punctations (slightly larger and deeper than the male's), and cervical grooves that are narrow anteriorly but become wide and shallow posteriorly, extending beyond the mid-length. Ventrally, the genital aperture is broadly ""U"" shaped. The capitulum has a basis dorsally twice as broad as long with small, round-tipped cornua (~1/5 the basis length) and large, broadly oval, tilted porose areas. The palpi are short, compact, and sub-conical, while the hypostome (shorter than the palpi and 2.2 times as long as broad) has a 4/4 dental formula with up to 10–11 denticles per file. The legs feature coxal spurs slightly smaller than the male's, particularly on coxa IV."	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis flava	Larva	The body measures ~0.85 x 0.60 mm. The scutum (0.33 x 0.38 mm, widest near mid-length) has shallow, concave cervical grooves. The capitulum (slightly broader than long at 0.17 x 0.19 mm) features a basis dorsally ~2.3 times as broad as long with small, round-tipped cornua, palpi with a small posterolateral salience, and a hypostome extending slightly beyond the palpi apex with a 2/2 dental formula of ~7 teeth per file. The legs have a small sub-triangular spur (rounded posteriorly) on coxa I, and small ridge-like spurs on coxae II and III.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis flava	Male	The capitulum is slightly longer than it is broad, featuring a basis dorsally ~1.3 times as broad as long with a few fine punctations and triangular, pointed cornua (~1/3 the basis length). The palpi are short, compact, and trapezoidal with a small posteroexternal salience, and the hypostome (shorter than the palpi) has a 4/4 dental formula of up to 9–10 denticles per file. The scutum (~1.4 times as long as broad and widest at the spiracular apices) features obsolete cervical grooves, short lateral grooves reaching the mid-length, 11 festoons, and a moderate number of small, shallow, evenly distributed punctations. The legs possess a small, sub-triangular spur with a rounded apex on coxa I; a larger, bluntly pointed triangular spur on coxae II and III (with III being longer and sharper than II); and an elongate, tapering, narrowly pointed spur on coxa IV that is about half as long as the coxa itself.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis flava	Nymph	The body measures 1.67 x 1.02 mm. The rounded scutum (0.57 x 0.62 mm) features shallow or obsolete cervical grooves and short, shallow marginal grooves that run from the level of the posterior margin of coxa II to the first festoon. The capitulum (0.31 mm, almost as long as broad) has a basis dorsally ~twice as broad as long with triangular cornua (~1/5 the basis length), short trapezoidal palpi with a small posteroexternal salience, and a hypostome (~as long as the palpi) with a 2/2 dental formula of ~7 teeth per file. The legs possess small triangular coxal spurs.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis formosensis	Female	The sub-circular scutum (~1.1 x 1.3 mm, rather broader than long) features numerous fine, shallow punctations and cervical grooves that start as small pits and continue as shallow grooves almost to the posterior border. Ventrally, the spiracle is transversely oval with a faint dorsal protuberance. The capitulum features a rectangular base (twice as broad as long) with slight blunt cornua, large, far-apart, oval, anteriorly converging porose areas, and longer palps than the male (but with similar characteristics). The hypostome has a 4/4 dental formula, with a trace of 5/5 at its posterior end. The legs feature coxal spurs identical to the male's, but lack trochantal spurs entirely and possess a more slender, unarmed tarsus IV.	Arthur, Don R., George Henry Falkiner Nuttall, and Louis Edward Robinson. Ticks, a Monograph of the Ixodoidea Volume Pt.3. Nabu Press, n.d.
Haemaphysalis formosensis	Male	The broadly oval body is livid brownish-yellow with lighter legs. The scutum (averaging ~2.4 x 1.9 mm) features numerous, very shallow, inconspicuous punctations, slight oval pits for cervical grooves, and long, noticeably straight lateral grooves enclosing one of the long festoons. Ventrally, the spiracle is pear-shaped with a pointed dorsal end. The capitulum possesses a rectangular base with strong, short cornua, and palps that lack dorsal spines but feature a slightly longer article 2 and a small, distinct retrograde spur under article 3. The short, broad hypostome has a 6/6 dental formula (~8 teeth per file, with smaller median teeth and much larger external files). The legs have rather strongly-developed spurs on coxae I–IV (with coxa I truncated posteriorly and its spur proceeding from the postero-external angle), progressively diminishing trochantal spurs, and a stout tarsus IV featuring pseudo-segments of almost equal length and a small terminal ventral spur.	Arthur, Don R., George Henry Falkiner Nuttall, and Louis Edward Robinson. Ticks, a Monograph of the Ixodoidea Volume Pt.3. Nabu Press, n.d.
Haemaphysalis himalaya	Female	The body measures ~2.9 mm in length by 1.7 mm in width. The shield-shaped scutum is 1.2 times as long as wide, featuring punctations similar to the male and short, narrow cervical grooves reaching the mid-length. The legs feature coxae that increase in size from I to IV, with a moderately larger spur on coxa I and smaller or ridge-like spurs on the others. The capitulum has a basis dorsally twice as wide as long with small, widely spaced, elongate, sub-circular porose areas and triangular cornua with narrowly rounded apices (0.45 times the base length); the hypostome is twice as long as the male's (though slightly shorter than the palpi) with a 7/7 dental formula of 11–12 denticles in a close file.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis himalaya	Larva	The body measures ~0.75 mm in length by 0.51 mm in breadth. The scutum is ~1.3 times as broad as long with cervical grooves and punctations resembling those of the nymph. The legs feature a short, broadly rounded spur on coxa I, a slight, broadly rounded posterior ridge on coxa II, and a minute ridge on coxa III. The capitulum has a basis dorsally ~2 times as broad as long with obsolete cornua, campanulate palpi, and a hypostome (slightly longer than the palpi) featuring hooklets in ~5 rows and a 2/2 dental formula of 6–7 denticles per file.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis himalaya	Male	The body measures ~2.4 mm in length by 1.4 mm in width. The scutum features a genital area as illustrated, while the moderate legs possess short coxal spurs of approximately equal length: coxa I has a peg-like, round-tipped spur (~twice as long as wide), and the other coxae have widely triangular, pointed spurs extending slightly beyond the posterior margins. The capitulum has a basis dorsally ~1.3 times as wide as long with pointed, triangular cornua, compact palpi (1.5 times as long as wide), and a hypostome (equal in length to the palpi) with a convex external profile and a 5/5 dental formula of ~9 denticles per file.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis himalaya	Nymph	The body measures ~1.29 mm in length by 0.75 mm in breadth. The scutum is ~1.2 times as broad as long, possessing narrow cervical grooves and obscure punctations. The moderately long and thin legs feature broadly triangular coxal spurs that extend well beyond the posterior margin, successively decreasing in size from coxa I to IV. The capitulum has a basis dorsally ~2 times as broad as long with broadly triangular cornua (~half the base length), compact palpi, and a hypostome (equal in length to the palpi) with a 3/3 dental formula of 6–7 denticles per file.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis indica	Female	The body measures 1.65 - 2.63 mm in length by 0.90 - 1.5 mm in breadth. The scutum (~1.2 times as long as broad and widest at mid-length) possesses sub-parallel cervical grooves extending to or beyond the mid-length and few shallow, irregular, mostly rugose punctations. The capitulum features a basis ~2.5 times as broad as long with shallow, elongated, tilted, widely spaced oval porose areas, palpi with a combined breadth ~1.5 times the basis, and a hypostome (~twice as long as broad) with 7–9 denticles per file. Ventrally, the genital operculum is sub-quadrate with straight margins, and the legs are longer and thinner than the male's with comparatively shorter coxal spurs and pulvilli.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis indica	Lymph	The body measures ~0.6 mm in length by 0.4 mm in breadth. The scutum (~1.2 times as broad as long) has parallel cervical grooves extending to or beyond mid-length and a margin that curves abruptly to a narrow, broadly rounded posterior margin. The capitulum's basis (~3 times as broad as long) has obsolete cornua, palpi similar to the nymph's, and a hypostome with a 2/2 dental formula of 5–7 denticles per file. The legs possess a broadly triangular spur on coxa I extending well beyond the posterior margin, while coxae II and III only have faint or obsolete ridges.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis indica	Male	The body measures 1.58 - 1.88 mm in length by 0.75 - 1.05 mm in breadth. The scutum (typically 1.5 - 1.7 times as long as broad) features broadly rounded margins, 11 festoons, short and shallow cervical grooves, very few scattered punctations, and deep, distinct lateral grooves extending to the anterior fourth to enclose the first festoon. The capitulum possesses a basis dorsally ~twice as broad as long with short, broadly triangular cornua, broadly salient leachi-type palpi, and a hypostome (as long as the palpi) with a 4/4 dental formula of 6–8 denticles per irregular file.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis indica	Nymph	The body measures ~1.1 mm in length by ~0.6 mm in breadth. The scutum (1.3 times as broad as long and widest near mid-length) has broadly rounded margins, few small setiferous punctations, and arc-like cervical grooves reaching the posterior margin. The capitulum features a basis ~3.1 times as broad as long with very small triangular cornua, broadly salient leachi-type palpi, and a hypostome with a 2/2 dental formula of 6–7 denticles per file. The legs feature broadly triangular spurs extending beyond the margin on coxae I to III, and a reduced, small, broadly rounded ridge on coxa IV.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis intermedia	Female	No salience; Punctations of scutum numerous and deep, distributed over the entire surface; dorsobasal margin of palpal segment 3 with sharp triangular subinternal retroverted spur; six or seven feathery, closeset infrainternal setae.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis intermedia	Male	No salience; Palpal segment 3 with a distinct dorsal retroverted spur; Scutum ovate, punctations numerous and deep over the entire surface; palpal segment 3 with dorsal, sharp, triangular, subinternal, retroverted spur; infrainternal setae feathery, close-set.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis intermedia	Nymph	No salience; Coxae III and IV with distinct sharp spurs; ventral trochanter spurs absent or obscure; four feathery, closely-set infrainternal setae. In ventral aspect, external profile of palps with abrupt recurvature; dorsobasal margin of palpal segment 3 extending beyond internal margin of palpal segment 2.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis kinneari	Female	Palpal segment 3 with ventral retroverted spur prominent, sharp, extending approximately 1/3 distance to the basal margin of palpal segment 2; dorsobasal margin of palpal segment 3 with small median spur; coxae II to IV with small blunt spurs	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis kinneari	Male	Salience broad, the ventrobasal-external margin of palpal segment 2 rounded; Palpal segment 2 with salience reduced, extending little beyond lateral; margin of basis Palpal segment 3 with ventral retroverted spur slightly longer than its basal breadth; ventrobasal margin of palpal segment 2 meeting internal margin at an acute angle; coxa I with spur subtriangular, length about equals breadth at base; dorsobasal margin of palpal segment 3 with a small median spur.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis kinneari	Nymph	Salience present; Coxa I with reduced, broad, rounded spur; coxae II to IV with broad ridge-like projections only; Ventral spur of palpal segment 3 almost twice as long as its basal breadth, peg-like, blunt; spur of coxa I less prominent, length equal to or less than ventral spur of palpal segment 3.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis kutchensis	Female	The body measures ~2.2 x 1.3 mm. The scutum (length and width sub-equal) has mildly convex anterior lateral margins, a broadly rounded posterior margin, shallow, straight, parallel cervical grooves reaching the mid-length, and large, moderately deep punctations that are closely spaced on the anterior lateral fields. The capitulum basis is slightly over twice as wide as long with widely triangular cornua and small, deep, ovate porose areas separated by twice their diameter. The palpi feature sub-equal segments II and III, and the hypostome resembles the male's but with more basal denticles. The leg coxal spurs mirror the male's, except the spur on coxa IV is smaller than III, and spurs II and III are sub-equal in length and width.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis kutchensis	Larva	The body measures ~0.6 x 0.4 mm. The scutum is 1.5 times as wide as long, bearing two pairs of setae and three pairs of sensilli. The capitulum basis resembles the nymph's (with cornua only apparent in mounted specimens), featuring palpi with a straight dorsal inner margin and equal contiguous margins between segments II and III, alongside a hypostome with a 2/2 dental formula of 5 denticles per file. The legs possess a very small, triangular inner spur on the basal margin of coxa I, and indefinite ridge-like spurs on coxae II and III.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis kutchensis	Male	The body measures ~2.0 x 1.1 mm. The pyriform scutum (~1.7 x 1.2 mm) features 11 distinct festoons, deep lateral grooves extending to coxa III (enclosing the first 1–2 festoons), short, straight or slightly concave cervical grooves, and fairly numerous, noncontiguous scattered punctations. Ventrally, a large genital operculum is located between coxae II. The capitulum has a basis dorsally ~1.4 times as wide as long with narrowly pointed cornua (~1/4 the base length), triangular palpi, and a moderately stout hypostome with a 4/4 dental formula of 7–9 denticles per file. The legs possess large, widely triangular spurs on all coxae; the spur on coxa I is narrower than II, while spurs III and IV are slightly shorter than II.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis kutchensis	Nymph	The body measures ~1.0 x 0.65 mm. The scutum is slightly broader than long, featuring cervical grooves similar to the female and four setae in each scapular area (with two anteriorly in the central field). The capitulum has a basis ~twice as wide as long with moderately wide, tapered cornua, palpi resembling the female's (but with a greater width-to-length ratio) with a ventral spur on segment III, and an apically coronated hypostome with a 2/2 dental formula of ~7 denticles per file. The coxal spurs resemble the female's, though the spur on coxa IV is smaller and directed medially.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis kyasanurensis	Female	Profile of capitulum not broadly deltoid; palpal segment 2 with a basal margin not angled; palpal segment 3 with dorsobasal-internal margin either without spur or if spur present not extending 1/2 length of segment 2; Palpal segment 3 with ventral spur short, only slightly overlapping apical margin of palpal segment 2; dorsobasal margin of palpal segment 3 without spur; coxae II to IV with distinct sharp spurs.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis kyasanurensis	Male	Ventrobasal-external margin of palpal segment 2 rounded; Salience less well developed, breadth of palpal segment 2 less than the length of ventral basis; Palpal segment 3 with ventral retroverted spur rudimentary; ventrobasal margin of palpal segment 2 truncate; coxa I with spur elongate, peg-like, length about twice breadth at base; dorsobasal margin of palpal segment 3 without spur.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis kyasanurensis	Nymph	Salience present; Juncture of ventrobasal margin of palpal segment 2 and externobasal margin an angle, blunt; Coxa I with well-developed conical spur; coxae II to IV with distinct, sharp spurs of coxa I elongate, narrow, length almost twice basal breadth; spurs of coxae II to IV reduced but retaining a relatively narrow form of coxal spur I; palpal segment 2 with a single infrainternal seta.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis leachii	Female	Palpal segment 3 with ventral retroverted spur prominent, length about twice its basal breadth; Dorsobasal margin of palpal segment 3 without spur.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.
Haemaphysalis leachii	Male	Salience broad and with a ventrobasal-external margin of palpal segment 2 developed into a prominent spur or projection; Dorsal external margin of palpal segment 2 developed into a prominent spur.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.
Haemaphysalis leachii	Nymph	Salience present; Ventral basis with small but distinct sharp cornua; ventral spur of palpal segment 3 minute, reaching about 1/8 distance to the basal margin of palpal segment 2.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.
Haemaphysalis longicornis	Female	The unengorged body measures ~2.65 mm in length and 1.8 mm in breadth. The scutum (as broad as it is long) has somewhat angular margins, punctations resembling the male's, and narrow converging cervical grooves that continue posteriorly as shallow diverging depressions. Ventrally, the genital operculum is simple and elongate with a truncate posterior margin, and the spiracular plates possess an angularly convex ventral margin with a short, blunt dorsal projection. The capitulum features a basis 2.35 times as broad as long with broadly triangular cornua, oval to subcircular widely spaced porose areas, palpi resembling the male's but with a lanceolate ventral spur on segment 3, and a hypostome with a 5/5 dental formula of 7 - 9 denticles per file. The legs possess coxal spurs on II - IV that extend well beyond the posterior margin, and a more rounded, shorter ventral spur on trochanter I compared to the male.	Hoogstraal, Harry, Frederick H. S. Roberts, Glen M. Kohls, and Vernon J. Tipton. “Review of Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) Longicornis Neumann (Resurrected) of Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, Japan, Korea, and Northeastern China and USSR, and Its Parthenogenetic and Bisexual Populations (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae).” The Journal of Parasitology 54, no. 6 (1968): 1197–213. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276992.
Haemaphysalis longicornis	Larva	The unengorged body measures 0.58 - 0.62 mm in length and 0.47–0.51 mm in breadth. The scutum is ~1.6 times as broad as it is long. The capitulum features a basis 2.6 times as broad as long with cornua reduced to rounded posteroexternal bulges, palpi outlines resembling the nymph's, and a hypostome with a 2/2 dental formula of 5–7 denticles per file. The legs possess a broadly triangular spur on coxa I (slightly shorter than the nymph's) and slightly elevated ridges on coxae II and III.	Hoogstraal, Harry, Frederick H. S. Roberts, Glen M. Kohls, and Vernon J. Tipton. “Review of Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) Longicornis Neumann (Resurrected) of Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, Japan, Korea, and Northeastern China and USSR, and Its Parthenogenetic and Bisexual Populations (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae).” The Journal of Parasitology 54, no. 6 (1968): 1197–213. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276992.
Haemaphysalis longicornis	Male	The reddish-yellow body measures approximately 2.51 mm in length and 1.65 mm in breadth. The flat, broadly oval scutum features 11 festoons, narrow lateral grooves enclosing the first festoon, short converging cervical grooves, and numerous, discrete, moderately deep, fairly regularly distributed punctations. Ventrally, the spiracular plates are subquadrate with a blunt, undifferentiated dorsal projection. The capitulum possesses a basis dorsally ~1.66 times as broad as long with pointed triangular cornua, moderately salient palpi (featuring an elevated, sharply pointed dorsal spur and a narrowly pointed ventral spur on segment 3), and a short, stout hypostome with a 5/5 dental formula of 8 - 10 denticles per file. The legs feature an elongate, spinelike, bluntly pointed spur on coxa I, subequal broadly triangular spurs on coxae II and III, a slightly smaller spur on coxa IV, and a sharply pointed dorsal plate on trochanter I.	Hoogstraal, Harry, Frederick H. S. Roberts, Glen M. Kohls, and Vernon J. Tipton. “Review of Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) Longicornis Neumann (Resurrected) of Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, Japan, Korea, and Northeastern China and USSR, and Its Parthenogenetic and Bisexual Populations (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae).” The Journal of Parasitology 54, no. 6 (1968): 1197–213. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276992.
Haemaphysalis longicornis	Nymph	The unengorged body measures ~1.76 mm in length and 1.00 mm in breadth. The broadly rounded scutum (1.25 times as broad as long) has narrow, parallel cervical grooves and rare punctations. Ventrally, the spiracular plates are subcircular with a bluntly triangular dorsal extension. The capitulum has a basis ~twice as broad as long with broadly triangular cornua, palpi resembling the female's but lacking a dorsal spur on segment 3, and a hypostome with a 3/3 dental formula of 6 denticles per file. The legs feature coxal spurs identical to the female's, lack ventral trochantal spurs entirely, and possess narrowly elongate tarsi.	Hoogstraal, Harry, Frederick H. S. Roberts, Glen M. Kohls, and Vernon J. Tipton. “Review of Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) Longicornis Neumann (Resurrected) of Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, Japan, Korea, and Northeastern China and USSR, and Its Parthenogenetic and Bisexual Populations (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae).” The Journal of Parasitology 54, no. 6 (1968): 1197–213. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276992.
Haemaphysalis megalaimae	Female	The body measures 2.54 x 1.43 mm. The scutum (0.96 x 0.87 mm) features deep cervical grooves extending up to one-third of its length, and distinct festoons that are as wide as they are long with dark intervals between them. Ventrally, the genital aperture is at the level of coxa III. The 0.40 mm long capitulum features a basis that is ~3 times as wide as it is long, with moderate, blunt cornua, prominent, oval, slightly depressed, well-separated porose areas, and a 0.24 mm hypostome with a 5/5 distal to 4/4 proximal dentition pattern of ~10 denticles per file. The palps resemble the male's, but article III is shorter than II ventrally. The legs possess broad ridge-like spurs on coxae I and IV (coxa I being more prominent) and broad ridge-like projections on coxae II and III.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis megalaimae	Lymph	The scutum is similar to that of the nymph. The capitulum lacks cornua, featuring a dorsal basis that is ~twice as wide as it is long with a straight posterior margin, and short palps with a slightly rounded lateral contour. The legs have a very slight ridge-like projection on coxa I, while coxae II and III are completely unarmed.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis megalaimae	Male	The body measures 1.62 x 1.11 mm. The scutum possesses fine, numerous, evenly distributed punctations, prominent lateral grooves (beginning between legs II and III and crossing two festoons), moderate cervical grooves (deep anteriorly and slightly diverging posteriorly), and 11 long, well-separated festoons. Ventrally, the genital aperture is located at the level of coxa II. The capitulum has a rectangular basis (~twice as wide as long) with moderate, sharp cornua and a 0.17 mm hypostome featuring a 5/5 apical to 3/3 proximal dentition pattern with ~10 denticles per file. The legs feature short ridge-like projections on coxae I to III (with coxa I being the largest and most prominent) and a short triangular spur on coxa IV.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis megalaimae	Nymph	The partially fed body measures ~1.6 mm in length. The scutum features concave cervical grooves that are deep anteriorly. The capitulum has a dorsally rectangular basis with weak cornua, a semicircular posterior margin on the ventral basis, palps that are as broad as long, and a hypostome with a 3/3 dentition pattern of ~8 denticles per file. The legs have short, broad, ridge-like projections on the coxae, with the one on coxa I being the most prominent.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis minuta	Female	The very small body measures approximately 1.30 mm in length, with a scutum (1 - 1.5 mm long) featuring short and inconspicuous cervical grooves, coarse, deep, and evenly distributed punctations, and 11 festoons. The capitulum (~0.4 mm long) has moderately long and pointed cornua, oval porose areas inclined toward the hypostome, and a ~0.2 mm hypostome with a 4/4 dental formula of 9 - 10 denticles per file. The palpi feature 6–7 infrainternal setae, a blunt retrograde spur at the ventrolateral angle of segment II, a median retroverted spur on the dorsobasal margin of segment III, and a retroverted, reduced spur on the ventral side of segment III. Ventrally, the genital aperture is located between the level of coxae II and III, and the spiracular plates are slightly oval with conical apices. The legs feature a moderate spur with blunt apices on coxa I, diminishing spurs on coxae II and III, and another moderate spur on coxa IV, alongside small blunt spurs on all trochanters.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis minuta	Male	The very small body measures 1.27 - 1.57 mm in length (from palpal tips to posterior margin) and 0.88 - 1.02 mm in width, being widest ahead of the spiracles. The scutum (1.09 -1.33 mm long) features well-defined lateral grooves enclosing one festoon on each side, short and inconspicuous cervical grooves, coarse, deep, evenly distributed punctations, and festoons that are longer than broad. The capitulum (~0.31 mm long with a 0.22 - 0.25 mm basis width) has moderate, pointed cornua, a 4/4 dentition pattern with 7–8 denticles per file, and a strongly laterally salient palpal article II that is longer than article III and bears a blunt retrograde spur at the ventrolateral angle. Palpal article III lacks a dorsal spur but possesses a very short, pointed retrograde spur. The legs feature a moderate spur on coxa I that becomes progressively shorter on coxae II, III, and IV, while all trochanters have short, pointed ventral spurs that diminish in size from I to IV.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis minuta	Nymph	The body has an average length of about 0.8 mm, with a scutum possessing slightly longer cervical grooves, a negligible number of punctations, and deep festoons that are as long as they are broad. The capitulum (~0.3 mm long) features slightly rounded lateral margins that converge posteriorly, short and triangular cornua, and a ~0.1 mm hypostome with a dental formula of 2/2 at the base and 3/3 toward the apex, containing 6–7 denticles per file. The broadly salient palpal segment II lacks spurs but has two infrainternal setae, while palpal segment III bears a retroverted, median, blunt spur on its ventrobasal margin. The legs feature a moderate, bluntly triangular spur on coxa I that decreases in size from coxa II to IV, and the trochanters completely lack spurs.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis montgomeryi	Female	The body measures ~3.2 mm in length (up to 9.0 mm when engorged) and 1.8 mm in width. The elongate scutum (1.25 times as long as wide) has a bluntly rounded posterior margin and punctations similar to the male's. The capitulum resembles the male's but has a basis twice as wide as long with diverging lateral margins, slightly shorter and blunter cornua, small, widely spaced, elongately oval porose areas, and a slightly broader hypostome with a 6/6, 6.5/6.5, or 7/7 dental formula. Ventrally, the highly distinctive tongue-like genital operculum is bordered laterally by labia. The legs feature widely triangular coxal spurs that are shorter than the male's, with spur III extending to or slightly beyond the basal margin, and spurs II, IV, and I progressively increasing in length in that order.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis montgomeryi	Larva	The body measures ~0.78 mm in length and 0.38 mm in width. The scutum is 1.25 times as wide as long. The capitulum has a basis slightly over twice as wide as long with cornua reduced to small, rounded marginal bulges, palpi resembling the nymph's (bearing specific dorsal/ventral setal counts on segments II and III), and a hypostome essentially like the nymph's. The legs feature short, widely rounded coxal spurs that extend slightly beyond the margin, gradually decreasing in length from coxa I to III.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis montgomeryi	Male	The body measures ~3.0 mm in length and 1.6 mm in width. The glossy scutum (~1.5 times as long as wide, widest just anterior to the spiracular plate projection) is laterally bordered by a narrow integument strip, featuring 11 festoons, short, deep, sub-parallel cervical grooves, short, shallow lateral grooves enclosing the first festoon, and rare, widely scattered, shallow, obscure punctations. The capitulum has a basis dorsally ~1.3 times as wide as long with short, widely triangular cornua (~1/3 the base length), compact palpi lacking basolateral salience, and a hypostome (as long as the palpi) with a 6/6 dental formula of ~15 narrowly elongate, closely spaced denticles per file. The robust legs possess 12–20 long setae per coxa and prominent, elongately triangular, sharply pointed coxal spurs; spurs II and III are sub-equal, spur I is slightly longer than II and III, and spur IV is almost twice as long as II and III.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis montgomeryi	Nymph	The body measures ~1.1 mm in length and 0.5 mm in width. The scutum (slightly longer than wide) has gradually rounded margins, ovate spiracular plates, ~12 seta-bearing punctations, and cervical grooves that converge anteriorly before diverging and becoming shallower posteriorly past the mid-length. The capitulum features a basis twice as wide as long with short, widely triangular, pointed cornua, widely salient leachi-type palpi, and a hypostome with a 2/2 dental formula of ~7 large denticles per file. The legs possess short, widely triangular coxal spurs that gradually increase in length from coxa IV to I.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis obesa	Female	The mean body length is ~3.4 mm and width 2.0 mm. The shield-shaped scutum (widest at the apical fourth) features anterior punctations similar to the male and cervical grooves consisting of small, deep, sub-marginal anterior pits transitioning into shallow, parallel grooves reaching the scutal mid-length. The capitulum has a slightly wider basis than the male and discrete, small, widely spaced, sub-circular porose areas, while the palpi and hypostome remain essentially the same. Ventrally, the distinctive genital operculum is triangular with a truncate apex and a shallow, depressed sub-circular central area. The legs feature coxal spurs similar to the male, except the spur on coxa IV is shorter.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis obesa	Larva	The total body length is ~0.7 mm and breadth 0.5 mm. The scutum is ~1.5 times as broad as long, featuring rounded scapulae, an anterior emargination and margin similar to the nymph, and a margin that is concave from the mid-length and posteriorly narrow and bluntly rounded. The capitulum basis is essentially like the nymph's but features a more convex posteroventral ridge and lacks adjacent setae, while the palpi are similar to the nymph's except for slightly narrower posterior margins on segment II. The hypostome resembles the nymph's but has ~6 denticles per file. The long legs feature a broadly triangular spur on coxa I extending almost to the anterior margin of segment II, and broadly rounded ridges serving as spurs on coxae II and III.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis obesa	Male	The mean body length is ~3.2 mm and width 2.1 mm. The scutum is laterally bordered with indistinct lateral grooves (short, shallow depressions extending from the anterior festoon to coxa II or III), short, deep, sub-parallel cervical grooves, moderately numerous, shallow, discrete, irregularly distributed punctations, and 11 festoons. The capitulum features a basis dorsally ~1.6 times as wide as long with widely triangular, bluntly pointed cornua (~1/4 the base length), compact palpi lacking basolateral salience, and a hypostome (as long as the palpi) with a 5/5 dental formula of 10–12 denticles per file (the anterior and posterior 2–3 are smallest). The legs possess prominent coxal spurs: coxa I has a narrowly elongate, bluntly pointed, peg-like spur overlapping the apical margin of coxa II; coxae II and III have sub-equal, short, widely triangular median spurs that do not overlap the following coxa; and coxa IV has a shorter triangular spur near the inner margin.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis obesa	Nymph	The overall body measures ~1.5 mm in length and 0.8 mm in breadth. The scutum is ~1.3 times as broad as long with few, obscure punctations and narrow, linear, parallel cervical grooves reaching the mid-length. The capitulum features a basis dorsally twice as broad as long with straight margins and broadly triangular cornua (~1/2 the base length), broadly campanulate palpi (combined breadth ~1.38 times the basis breadth), and a hypostome longer than the palpi (~2.3 times as long as broad) with a 2/2 dental formula of 7–8 denticles per file (1–2 extra denticles may be inserted anteriorly and posteriorly). The long legs have a triangular spur on coxa I reaching the anterior margin of coxa II, and broadly triangular spurs on coxae II to IV that extend well beyond the posterior margin and successively decrease in size.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis paraturturis	Female	Overall body length is ~2.4 mm with legs structurally similar to the male. The scutum has sub-equal width and length, widely convex lateral margins, a broadly rounded posterior, slightly larger but less numerous punctations than the male (especially sparse posteriorly), and deep, narrow, parallel cervical grooves extending to mid-length. The capitulum features a shorter and wider basis capituli than the male with widely spaced sub-circular porose areas, a hypostome similar to the male's, and palpi with a slightly more pronounced basolateral salience, a small rounded apical nubbin, 7–9 infrainternal setae on segment II, and a wider dorsobasal spur on segment III.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis paraturturis	Larva	Total body length is ~0.6 mm with moderate coxal spurs (moderately large on coxa I; small on II and III). The scutum is 1.7 times as wide as long with no or very rare punctations. The 0.3 mm long capitulum has loosely arranged palpi, a single infrainternal seta, moderate to minimal salience on segment II, a small spur on segment III reaching the upper margin of segment II, and a hypostome with a 2/2 dental formula of 6 denticles per file.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis paraturturis	Male	Mean body length is ~1.9 mm and width 0.9 mm, featuring moderately long, robust legs with well-defined coxal spurs (large, elongate, and pointed on coxa I; short and widely triangular on II and III; shorter and narrowly triangular on IV). The scutum (widest at coxa IV and slightly over half as wide as long) has 11 clearly defined festoons, moderately numerous and irregular punctations, deep, short, converging cervical grooves, and deep lateral grooves reaching coxa III to enclose one pair of festoons. The capitulum features a basis capitulum almost twice as wide as long with shallow punctations and triangular cornua, palpi with an obsolete basolateral salience, and a hypostome extending to the palpal apex with a 4/4 dental formula of ~7 denticles per file.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis paraturturis	Nymph	Total body length is ~1.1 mm with moderately long, pointed coxal spurs. The scutum is 1.4 times as wide as long with rare to absent punctations, well-marked deep festoons, and moderately deep cervical grooves reaching mid-length. The 0.2 mm long capitulum features compactly arranged palpi lacking a dorsobasal spur on segment III, a good salience and 3 infrainternal setae on segment II, an elongately triangular pointed spur on segment III reaching mid-length of segment II, and a hypostome with a 2/2 dental formula and 6–7 denticles per file.	Trapido, H., M. G. R. Varma, P. K. Rajagopalan, K. R. P. Singh, and M. J. Rebello. “A Guide to the Identification of All Stages of the Haemaphysalis Ticks of South India.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 55, no. 2 (1964): 249–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300049439.|Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis shimoga	Female	Salience present; Palpal segment 3 with ventral retroverted spur prominent, length about twice its basal breadth; Dorsobasal margin of palpal segment 3 with median retroverted spur; Palpal segment 2 with the juncture of ventrobasal and external margin a blunt angle.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis shimoga	Male	Salience broad and with a ventrobasal-external margin of palpal segment 2 developed into a prominent spur or projection; Coxa IV with double long spur.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis shimoga	Nymph	Salience Present; Coxa I with reduced, broad, rounded spur; coxae II to IV with broad ridge-like projections only Ventral spur of palpal segment 3 only slightly longer than its basal breadth, tapering, pointed; spur of coxa I more prominent, longer than ventral spur of palpal segment 3.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis species		Anal grooves surround the anus posteriorly. Usually of small size. Scutum inornate and without eyes, and in the female without lateral grooves. Capitulum with base sub-rectangular, and with palps normally short and conical, broadest near the posterior end of article 2, (in some species projects laterally beyond the base). The second and third palpal segments taper anteriorly so that the capitulum anterior to the basis capitulum appears to be triangular. There are no eyes in either sex. Festoons are present. They are generally three-host ticks.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis spinigera	Female	Broad Salience; Dorsobasal margin of palpal segment 3 with median retroverted spur; Palpal segment 2 with ventrobasal external margin forming a sharp spur.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis spinigera	Male	Broad Salience; Coxa IV with greatly elongated sharp spur(s), much-exceeding length of other coxal spurs.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis spinigera	Nymph	Broad Salience; Ventral basis without cornua; ventral spur of palpal segment 3 larger, reaching about 1/4 distance to the basal margin of palpal segment 2.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis turturis	Female	No salience; Profile of capitulum not broadly deltoid; palpal segment 2 with basal margin not angled; palpal segment 3 with dorsobasal-internal margin either without spur, or if spur present not extending 1/2 the length of segment 2; Palpal segment 3 with a dorsal broad projection slightly anterior to basal margin.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis turturis	Male	No salience, Palpal segment 8 with a dorsal, broad, median, ridge-like projection slightly overlapping apical margin of palpal segment 2.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis turturis	Nymph	No salience; Palps broader, external profile with pronounced, recurvature; palpal segment 3 with ventral spur strong, extending 1/2 distance to the basal margin of palpal segment 2; Cox III and IV have no spurs.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis warburtoni	Female	The body measures 3.25 - 3.53 mm in length and 1.82 - 2.05 mm in breadth. The capitulum has a basis with an unapparent or slight external expansion, less variable cornua than the male, and porose areas that are generally larger in Nepal specimens than in Chinese ones; the hypostome dental formula is consistently 4/4 in Nepal specimens, whereas Chinese specimens typically show 6/6 anteriorly and 5/5 in other rows. The legs feature coxal spurs that are somewhat larger in Chinese specimens compared to Nepal material, where the spurs are generally reduced on coxa IV.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis warburtoni	Larva	The body measures approximately 0.9 mm in length and 0.6 mm in breadth. The scutum (~1.4 times as broad as long, broadest at the anterior third) has 3 - 4 pairs of punctations and arc-like cervical grooves extending slightly beyond the mid-length. The capitulum lacks cornua, featuring a basis dorsally ~2.5 times as broad as long with straight anterior external margins, palpi similar to the nymph's but lacking a ventral spur on segment III, and a hypostome longer than the palpi with dental features resembling those of the nymph. The moderately long, narrow legs feature a broadly rounded marginal ridge replacing the spur on coxae I and II, and a very small, short, broadly rounded spur on coxa III.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis warburtoni	Male	The body measures 2.20 - 2.90 mm in length and 1.25 - 1.71 mm in breadth. The scutum features a slightly varying number of punctations and a lateral groove of variable depth (shallow to deep) that definitely encloses the first festoon and faintly encloses the second. The capitulum possesses a basis with an unapparent external expansion and cornua at least half as long as the base; the dental formula is chiefly 4/4 in Nepal specimens (having fewer 5/5 or 6/6 anterior elements than Chinese specimens). The legs feature coxal spurs with notable variations: the spur on coxa I is less elongate and blunter in some, spurs II and III vary slightly in apical bluntness, and spur IV varies remarkably (ranging from broadly lanceolate and apically curved to broad and apically blunt).	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis warburtoni	Nymph	The body measures approximately 1.6 mm in length and 1.0 mm in breadth. The scutum (~1.1 times as broad as long) has few, obscure punctations and cervical grooves that converge anteriorly before diverging to the posterior third. The capitulum features a basis dorsally ~twice as broad as long with broad, bluntly rounded cornua (~1/5 the base length), elongate and clavate palpi, and a bluntly rounded hypostome (as long as the palpi and ~2.7 times as long as broad) with a 2/2 dental formula of 6–8 denticles per file followed by 2–4 smaller posterior hooklets. The moderately long, narrow legs possess broadly triangular, apically blunted, sub-equal coxal spurs that extend well beyond the posterior margins.	Geevarghese, G., and A. C. Mishra. “Introduction.” In Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387811-3.00001-2.
Haemaphysalis wellingtoni	Female	Profile of capitulum broadly deltoid; palpal segment 2 with the juncture of ventrobasal and external margin a rounded angle; palpal segment 3 with a sharp, dorsobasal-internal retroverted spur extending about 1/2 length of palpal segment 2.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis wellingtoni	Male	Salience broad, rounded, breadth of palpal segment 2 greater than the length of ventral basis; Breadth of palpal segment 2 subequal to its length; palpal segment 3 with dorsointernal retroverted spur extending about 1/2 distance to the basal margin of palpal segment 2.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Haemaphysalis wellingtoni	Nymph	Coxae III and IV with distinct sharp spurs; ventral trochantal spurs absent or obscure; four feathery, closely-set infrainternal setaeIn ventral aspect, external profile of palps without distinct recurvature; dorsobasal margin of palpal segment 3 reaching internal margin of palpal segment 2 only.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Hyalomma aegyptium	Female	Like the male, the female is easily recognized by two equal, well-separated spurs on coxa I. The scutum is shiny and smooth, featuring a few scattered, large, and deep punctations. Ventrally, the genital operculum is a flat, widely triangular shield that becomes greatly depressed posteriorly upon engorgement.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Kaiser, M. N., and H. Hoogstraal. “The Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India and Ceylon, with Keys to Subgenera and Species.” Acarologia 6, no. 2 (1964): 257–86. https://doi.org/.
Hyalomma aegyptium	Male	Both sexes are easily recognized by the presence of two equal, well-separated spurs on coxa I. The male features a smooth and shiny scutum with a few scattered, large punctations, unfused festoons, and lacks both lateral grooves and a caudal depression. Ventrally, it possesses very large adanal shields, whereas the subanal shields are very small or sometimes entirely absent. While the overall size range is variable (with Afghan specimens being the smallest noted), most specimens are comparatively large.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Kaiser, M. N., and H. Hoogstraal. “The Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India and Ceylon, with Keys to Subgenera and Species.” Acarologia 6, no. 2 (1964): 257–86. https://doi.org/.
Hyalomma anatolicum	Female	Bulging, small, knob-like genital operculum which is usually circular in outline. Scutum is usually longer than wide with a narrowly rounded posterior margin, with a few large punctuations in the central field and scapular areas, and a variable number of very fine, superficial punctuations over much of the surface.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Hyalomma anatolicum	Male	Body small, somewhat elongated, yellowish-brown, with a convex, lightly punctuated scutum with short but distinct lateral grooves; a pronounced postero-median groove not reaching the parma; and small subanal shields directly posterior to the adanal shields.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Hyalomma anatolicum	Nymph	Body elongated, widest at the level of coxa IV. Basis capituli dorsally triangular in outline; posterior margin slightly convex; ventrally posterior margin bow-shaped. Coxa I with 2 narrow spurs almost equal in length; coxae II and III each with a small triangular spur; coxa IV with much reduced spur.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum	Female	Unfed females measure 5mm to 6.5mm in length , while engorged females can expand up to 20mm in length. Dorsally, the female features steep scapular grooves , a small porose area , and legs with pale rings , along with eyes, lateral grooves, posterior grooves, and festoons. Ventrally, the coxal spurs mirror the male's, possessing long, distinct, large, and equal internal and external spurs on coxa I , indistinct, hard-to-see external spurs on coxae II and III , and an indistinct internal spur on coxa IV. The ventral surface also displays a genital aperture, anus, anal groove, and festoons.	ESCCAP UK & Ireland. “Hyalomma Anatolicum Excavatum.” ESCCAP UK & Ireland. Accessed April 6, 2026. https://www.esccapuk.org.uk/page/Hyalomma+anatolicum+excavatum/62/.
Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum	Male	The male measures between 3.8mm and 5mm in length. Dorsally, it features an apparent cervical field depression , short lateral grooves , small and indistinct paramedian grooves , and two posterior ridges. The dorsal festoons include a pale central festoon and anteriorly joined paracentral festoons , with eyes, cervical grooves, and cornua also present. Ventrally, the male possesses square-ended adanal shields , small accessory adanal shields , and distinct sub-anal plates aligned with the adanal shields. The legs feature long, distinct, large, and equal internal and external spurs on coxa I , hard-to-see indistinct external spurs on coxae II and III , and an indistinct internal spur on coxa IV.	ESCCAP UK & Ireland. “Hyalomma Anatolicum Excavatum.” ESCCAP UK & Ireland. Accessed April 6, 2026. https://www.esccapuk.org.uk/page/Hyalomma+anatolicum+excavatum/62/.
Hyalomma brevipunctata	Female	Operculum is elongate oval in outline; in profile, it is gradually slanted posteriorly. The light brown scutum is slightly longer than wide and smooth posteriorly.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Hyalomma brevipunctata	Male	The basis capituli is broader than long and has anterior lateral projections, adanal shields are broad and contiguous, and sub-anal shields are absent. The deep, distinct lateral grooves, which reach the level of the eyes, are dotted with heavy usually contiguous punctuations. Female: Operculum is elongate oval in outline; in profile, it is gradually slanted posteriorly. The light brown scutum is slightly longer than wide and smooth posteriorly.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Hyalomma brevipunctata	Nymph	Body elongate, widest at the level between coxae III and IV. Basis capituli dorsally sub-triangular. Coxa I deeply divided into 2 sub-equal spurs, coxae II to IV each with a small triangular spur, progressively decreasing in size.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Hyalomma detritum	Female	The smooth, shiny, shield-shaped scutum is longer than it is wide and has little to no punctations. Ventrally, the genital operculum features a gradually depressed profile and is equilaterally triangular with slightly convex margins and a rounded or truncate posterior juncture.	Kaiser, M. N., and H. Hoogstraal. “The Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India and Ceylon, with Keys to Subgenera and Species.” Acarologia 6, no. 2 (1964): 257–86. https://doi.org/.
Hyalomma detritum	Male	The bright, glossy, reddish to dark brown, arched scutum features rare, superficial punctations, pronounced but variable paramedian grooves, a narrow, long posteromedian groove (extending from the parma to the scutal mid-length), and cleanly cut lateral grooves that reach the level of the eyes. Ventrally, the subanal shields lie directly posterior to the adanal shields. The reddish or yellowish-brown legs may possess pale, poorly contrasting rings.	Kaiser, M. N., and H. Hoogstraal. “The Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India and Ceylon, with Keys to Subgenera and Species.” Acarologia 6, no. 2 (1964): 257–86. https://doi.org/.
Hyalomma dromedarii	Female	The female features a scutum with an approximately equal length-to-width ratio, an often rugose surface, and few, large punctations. The genital operculum is elongately triangular in outline, gradually depressed in profile, and is surrounded by a narrow, raised integumental fold.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Kaiser, M. N., and H. Hoogstraal. “The Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India and Ceylon, with Keys to Subgenera and Species.” Acarologia 6, no. 2 (1964): 257–86. https://doi.org/.
Hyalomma dromedarii	Male	The male is generally larger than H. anatolicum, featuring a flat body that is as broad as long (measuring between 4.5 x 4.2 mm and 5.7 x 5.7 mm) due to considerable lateral body extensions beyond the less chitinous scutum. The scutum bears a few large, shallow, scattered punctations with others rare or absent, a distinct white median festoon (parma), and 11 total festoons, of which only five have grooves on the scutum. The scutal grooves are generally shallow: cervical grooves are broad, posteriorly divergent, and continuous with postero-lateral grooves; the median groove is narrow and superficial; lateral grooves are poorly developed, hardly visible anteriorly, and limited to the posterior third; and a deep, narrow posteromedian groove extends from the parma to the scutal midlength, bounded by converging ridges and deep, rugose paramedian grooves. Ventrally, subanal shields are displaced laterally, adanal shields feature a middle inner projection, and six to eight (sometimes poorly developed) scutes are present. The 1.3 mm capitulum features short palps with sub-equal articles II and III that are as broad as they are long; article II has a blunt dorsal retroverted prominence and a wider proximal portion, while article III has a lateral projection. Lastly, the segments of the last three pairs of legs are significantly stronger than those of the first pair.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Kaiser, M. N., and H. Hoogstraal. “The Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India and Ceylon, with Keys to Subgenera and Species.” Acarologia 6, no. 2 (1964): 257–86. https://doi.org/.
Hyalomma hussaini	Female	The female operculum is widely sub-rectangular or shield-shaped.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Hyalomma hussaini	Male	The basis capituli dorsally is broader than length. It has anterior lateral projections ventrally. Adanal shields are broad and contiguous, and sub-anal shields are absent.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Hyalomma hussaini	Nymph	Body elongate oval, widest at the level of coxa IV. Basis capituli dorsally triangular; ventrally posterior margin circular with triangular lateral points pointing posteriorly. Coxa I is deeply divided into 2 sub-equal spurs; coxae II and III each with a prominent triangular spur; coxa IV with a small triangular spur.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Hyalomma kumari	Female	The unfed body measures 3.2 x 2.1 mm with brown, unornamented legs that have longer, more slender segments and a more strongly humped Tarsus IV compared to the male. The sub-cordiform scutum (1.6–1.9 x 1.5–1.6 mm) is Sanford's-brown (nearly black near the eyes), smooth posteriorly but heavily punctate anteriorly, with ill-defined lateral grooves and wide, deep cervical grooves reaching the posterior margin. The venter features a longitudinally oval, bulging operculum with a distinctive posterior rounded cup, and sub-triangular spiracles with a narrow-tailed, comma-shaped porous area. The capitulum (1.1 mm) is broader and stronger than the male's, lacking cornua, featuring short oval porose areas separated by a raised keel, a hypostome with 3/3 rows of ~12 strong teeth, and an external cheliceral article with three cusps.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Kaiser, M. N., and H. Hoogstraal. “The Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India and Ceylon, with Keys to Subgenera and Species.” Acarologia 6, no. 2 (1964): 257–86. https://doi.org/.
Hyalomma kumari	Male	The body is elongate-oval (2.5 - 3.8 x 1.5 - 2.1 mm), broadest anterior to the spiracles, with lateral projections in larger specimens. The scutum is pale yellow to sayal-brown (darker near the pale yellow, spherical eyes) with punctations ranging from fine and numerous to large and shallow, featuring deep-to-shallow diverging cervical grooves, shallow posteromedian grooves, and superficial or absent lateral grooves. The yellowish-white venter lacks subanal shields but has large, broadly rectangular, almost contiguous adanal shields, 11 distinct festoons, and unique, comma-shaped spiracles with a broad tail. Legs are yellowish-brown, unornamented, with short tarsi and a humped Tarsus IV. The capitulum (0.78–0.86 mm) is narrow dorsally with anterior lateral ventral projections, and the external cheliceral article has two well-separated cusps.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.|Kaiser, M. N., and H. Hoogstraal. “The Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India and Ceylon, with Keys to Subgenera and Species.” Acarologia 6, no. 2 (1964): 257–86. https://doi.org/.
Hyalomma marginatum	Female 	The dark, red-brown to nearly black scutum measures 2.14 - 2.73 mm in length by 2.07 - 2.65 mm in width (with the lateral and cervical fields being the darkest), featuring rare large punctations and fine punctations covering the entire surface. Like the male, it possesses a spiracular plate with a broad perforated portion, sparse circumspiracular setae, and similarly enameled legs featuring distal ivory bands and complete or nearly complete longitudinal dorsal ivory strips.	Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., and Ivan G. Horak. “The Genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844: V. Re-Evaluation of the Taxonomic Rank of Taxa Comprising the H. (Euhyalomma) Marginatum Koch Complex of Species (Acari: Ixodidae) with Redescription of All Parasitic Stages and Notes on Biology.” International Journal of Acarology 34, no. 1 (2008): 13–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01647950808683704.
Hyalomma marginatum	Larva	The larval scutum and gnathosoma follow specific length-to-width ratios. The legs feature a small, shallow triangular, broadly rounded spur on coxa I, while the spurs on coxae II and III are poorly developed, short, narrow, and arcuate.	Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., and Ivan G. Horak. “The Genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844: V. Re-Evaluation of the Taxonomic Rank of Taxa Comprising the H. (Euhyalomma) Marginatum Koch Complex of Species (Acari: Ixodidae) with Redescription of All Parasitic Stages and Notes on Biology.” International Journal of Acarology 34, no. 1 (2008): 13–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01647950808683704.
Hyalomma marginatum	Male 	The dark, red-brown to nearly black conscutum measures 3.71 - 5.18 mm in length by 2.37 - 3.33 mm in width, featuring shallow posteromedian and paramedian grooves, a distinct caudal field, and a mostly smooth center. Large punctations are rare and scattered, while small- and medium-sized punctations densely cover the lateral fields, anterior central fields, and the caudal field. Ventrally, the spiracular plate possesses a broad perforated portion and sparse circumspiracular setae. The legs are distinguished by ivory-colored enamel bands encircling the distal portion of each segment and a complete longitudinal dorsal ivory strip that is especially prominent on the hind legs.	Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., and Ivan G. Horak. “The Genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844: V. Re-Evaluation of the Taxonomic Rank of Taxa Comprising the H. (Euhyalomma) Marginatum Koch Complex of Species (Acari: Ixodidae) with Redescription of All Parasitic Stages and Notes on Biology.” International Journal of Acarology 34, no. 1 (2008): 13–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01647950808683704.
Hyalomma marginatum	Nymph	The scutum has a broadly rounded posterior margin and very deep posterolateral indentations. It features fairly short alloscutum setae with blunt apices, broadly oval spiracular plates (with a longitudinal diameter greater than the mid-length of coxae IV), broad spurs on coxa I, and a specifically proportioned gnathosoma, palpi, and hypostome.	Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., and Ivan G. Horak. “The Genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844: V. Re-Evaluation of the Taxonomic Rank of Taxa Comprising the H. (Euhyalomma) Marginatum Koch Complex of Species (Acari: Ixodidae) with Redescription of All Parasitic Stages and Notes on Biology.” International Journal of Acarology 34, no. 1 (2008): 13–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01647950808683704.
Hyalomma marginatum issaci	Female	The female possesses a widely triangular operculum that is rounded posteriorly and slightly bulging in profile. The scutum is slightly longer than it is wide and shares the male's dark glossy brown coloration and punctation pattern (a few large, scattered punctations). Additionally, the female scutum features deep, smoothly rounded cervical grooves that extend all the way down to break the posterior margin.	Kaiser, M. N., and H. Hoogstraal. “The Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India and Ceylon, with Keys to Subgenera and Species.” Acarologia 6, no. 2 (1964): 257–86. https://doi.org/.
Hyalomma marginatum issaci	Male	The male features a dark glossy brown scutum that is quite straight posteriorly, possessing a few large, scattered punctations. Its lateral grooves are long, distinct, and deep posteriorly, while pronounced posteromedian and paramedian grooves extend distinctively to the festoons, and smoothly rounded cervical grooves reach the anterior third of the scutal length. The scutum also has additional depressions (one medially and one on each side) that tend to link the cervical and paramedian grooves. Ventrally, the large adanal shields lack median projections posterior to the anus on their inner margins, and small subanal shields are located on the midaxis of the adanals. The integument surrounding the spiracular plates is somewhat pilose, the plates themselves have a moderately thick tail, and the legs display irregular, contrasting white rings near the joints.	Kaiser, M. N., and H. Hoogstraal. “The Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India and Ceylon, with Keys to Subgenera and Species.” Acarologia 6, no. 2 (1964): 257–86. https://doi.org/.
Hyalomma species		Palps and hypostome long; Coxa I bidentate. Capitulum long with a rectangular base and without lateral angles. In females, the capitulum is sub-triangular. The male has one pair each of adanal and accessory adanal plates. Hyalomma species are either two- or three-host ticks.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Ixodes acutitarsus	Female	The body measures 4.5 x 3.5 mm in the smaller examined specimen, featuring a Dresden-brown dorsum with fine, shallow punctations. The scutum is broader than long (measuring 2.2 - 2.3 mm long by 2.4 - 2.7 mm broad) and features fine, sparsely scattered punctations that are rare on the median field but abundant on the lateral fields. Ventrally, the genital aperture lies opposite the inter-coxal space between coxae III and IV, the anal groove has divergent posterior limbs like the male, and the coxal armature matches the male's. The capitulum (1.68 - 1.95 mm long) features a sub-rectangular base with porose areas separated by a distance less than their smallest diameter. The palps are four times as long as broad; article I has a slight external salience, while article II is markedly concave externally and bears five short supra-internal hairs. The hypostome matches the male's, whereas the external cheliceral article differs by having five cusps and an elongated, curved dorsal process.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Ixodes acutitarsus	Male	The smooth scutum possesses fine, sparsely scattered punctations (most pronounced on the scapulae and between the cervical grooves), continuous, narrow lateral grooves running parallel to the margin, and a broad depression extending from the middle of the cervical groove to the antero-lateral margin. Ventrally, it features a slightly hairy surface, a pre-genital plate constricted in its posterior third, a genital aperture with a transverse chitinous plate strengthening its posterior lip, and an anal groove that is rounded in front with slightly divergent posterior limbs. The coxal armature resembles Rhipicephalus or Hyalomma: coxa I has two long, sub-equal, pointed spurs overlapping coxa II, and coxae II–IV each have two short spurs (a pointed, narrow external spur and a broad, ridge-like internal spur). The capitulum (1.5 mm long) has a trapezoid base with posteriorly converging lateral sides, palps ~3 times as long as broad (featuring a slightly concave article II with six small supra-internal hairs, and a ventral retroverted spur-like prominence on article III), and a hypostome with a 2/2 dental formula of ~10 teeth per row (external teeth being much larger). The external cheliceral article bears two cusps.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Ixodes granulatus	Female	The oval body, which narrows considerably toward the anterior end and is broadest opposite the spiracle, measures 1.75 x 1.2 mm in the smallest unfed specimen. The dorsum is strongly hairy and Sudan-brown, featuring a complete marginal groove in unfed females that disappears upon feeding, and an anal groove with sub-parallel limbs that meet in a regular curve anterior to the anus and extend shallowly to the posterior body margin. The scutum is longer than it is broad, ranging from 1.2–1.5 mm in length and 0.8–1.1 mm in breadth. The capitulum (0.75–0.9 mm long) has a sub-triangular base, short and obsolescent cornua, and very large porose areas separated by half their largest diameter. The palps are four times as long as they are broad with sub-equal articles II and III, where article II bears four very small, simple hairs on its supra-internal margin. The anteriorly long and pointed hypostome features an obsolete corona and is armed with 2/2 to 3/3 rows of approximately 11 unequal teeth, while the external cheliceral article possesses a long, sigmoid-shaped dorsal process and six cusps that progressively increase in size from the distal to the proximal end.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Ixodes ovatus	Female	The basis capituli is equipped with well-defined cornua and round porous areas. Like the male, coxa I features a single short, blunt internal spur. Coxa II lacks an external spur and has a convex posterior margin featuring a membranous elevation similar to that of the male.	Yamaguti, Noboru, Vernon Tipton, Hugh Keegan, and Seiichi Toshioka. “Ticks of Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyu Islands.” Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series 15, no. 1 (1971). https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib/vol15/iss1/1.
Ixodes ovatus	Male	The dorsal aspect resembles I. nipponensis and I. persulcatus. Ventrally, it is distinguished by coxae II and III lacking spurs; instead, their posterior halves are covered with milky white, membranous, eavelike elevations, resulting in smoothly convex posterior margins. Coxa I possesses a single short, blunt internal spur. The spiracular plate is elongate, with a length-to-width ratio greater than 2.0 (approximately 2.3). The hypostome dentition is restricted to the apical half, terminating posteriorly at the same level as the suture between palpal articles II and III.	Yamaguti, Noboru, Vernon Tipton, Hugh Keegan, and Seiichi Toshioka. “Ticks of Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyu Islands.” Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series 15, no. 1 (1971). https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib/vol15/iss1/1.
Ixodes petauristae	Female	The scutum (2.2 x 1.8 mm) is much longer than broad with very slight emargination, featuring well-marked lateral folds on the anterior half, fine punctations restricted to the lateral folds and the area between them and the cervical grooves (which are far apart at origin before becoming faint and divergent), and a very glossy posterior region almost devoid of punctations. Ventrally, the vulva is located between coxae IV, the slightly divergent genital grooves do not extend beyond the anus, the anal groove is horseshoe-shaped before becoming shallow and divergent, and the nearly circular spiracles are very large (larger than coxa IV). The long capitulum possesses a triangular basis lacking cornua or auriculae with a transversely divided ventral surface, large, subrectangular porose areas with a narrow interval, fairly stout palps, and a lanceolate hypostome featuring a 2/2 dentition of ~12 teeth per file (with the outer teeth being stronger). The legs feature a coxa I deeply cleft into two equal flat teeth (an unusual feature for Ixodes that recalls Rhipicephalus), an external tooth on coxae II–IV that progressively diminishes in size, and long, tapering tarsi (especially tarsus I) with pads nearly as long as the rather weak claws.	Warburton, Cecil. “On Five New Species of Ticks (Arachnida Ixodoidea): Ixodes Petauristae, I. Ampullaceus, Dermacentob Imitans, Amblyomma Laticaudae and Aponomma Draconis , with Notes on Three Previously Described Species, Ornithodorus Franchinii Tonelli-Rondelli, Haemaphysalis Cooleyi Bedford and Rhipicephalus Maculatus Neumann.” Parasitology 24, no. 4 (1933): 558–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000020953.
Ixodes ricinus	Female	The female also generally agrees with standard descriptions but is distinguished by possessing a scutum that is nearly as broad as it is long, measuring approximately 1.6 mm in length by 1.5 - 1.6 mm in breadth.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Ixodes ricinus	Male	The single specimen measures 2.2 x 1.6 mm, with an auburn scutum measuring 2.1 x 1.3 mm. It generally agrees with standard descriptions but is distinguished by possessing well-developed, deep cervical grooves and an ill-defined, Sanford's brown pseudo-scutum. The leg pads attain more than two-thirds the length of the claws.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Ixodes species		Palps are long with constriction near the proximal end of article II and have a few very minute and simple hairs. The ventral surfaces of the palps are much less broad than their dorsal surfaces. The capitulum of the female is considerably longer than that of the male. There are no eyes or festoons.The anal groove is present anteriorly to the anus, whereas in all other genera the anal groove is posterior to the anus.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Nosomma monstrosum	Female	The chestnut-brown scutum exhibits diffused whitish ornamentation (more developed than in the male), strongly unequal punctations, and narrow, deep cervical grooves that converge before diverging and failing to reach the posterior margin. Discontinuous marginal grooves enclose only the two extreme festoons. Ventrally, the sub-triangular spiracle is as long as it is broad. The coxal armature matches the male's, but tarsus IV features a slightly stronger distal ventral spur preceded by a smaller one. The 0.85 mm capitulum has long, oval porose areas separated by half their diameter, an obsolete lateral salience on palpal article III, a hypostome with a 3/3 dentition of ~9 teeth per row, and an external cheliceral article with three cusps and a crescent-shaped dorsal process.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Nosomma monstrosum	Male	The body features a Kaiser-brown to chestnut-brown scutum covered with a whitish ornamental secretion, markedly unequal punctations, flat eyes, a typically well-defined pseudo-scutum, and 11 festoons with separating grooves. The cervical grooves are short, oval, deep, and convergent anteriorly, while narrow lateral grooves are highlighted by an adjacent row of punctations. Ventrally, it possesses a light brown or yellowish-white venter, a trilobed sub-anal shield (with a fourth lobe serving as a strongly chitinised accessory shield), 11 prominent scutes, and a comma-shaped spiracle. The ornamented legs feature two well-separated, unequal spurs on coxa I (the external being twice as long as the internal), two short, sub-equal spurs on coxae II–IV (strongest on IV), and a tapering tarsus IV with two strong ventral spurs. The 0.71–0.75 mm capitulum has a rectangular base, ornamented palps with a lobed antero-internal angle on article I, a dorsal retroverted prominence and sabre-shaped hairs on article II, a strong external process and ventral retroverted spur on article III, and a hypostome with a 3/3 dentition of 7 teeth per row.	Sharif, M. “A Revision of the Indian Ixodidae with Special Reference to the Collection in the Indian Museum.” Records of the Zoological Survey of India, September 30, 1928, 217–344. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v30/i3/1928/162556.
Ornithodoros species			A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Otobius megnini	Female	The panduriform body is rounded behind and slightly attenuated anteriorly, broadest at legs II and III, constricted just behind leg IV. The granulated integument lacks true mammillae but features numerous circular depressions with central tubercles, symmetrical and slightly depressed disc areas, and a few fine anterior hairs. The short, heavy legs have few inconspicuous hairs and a moderate subapical dorsal protuberance on tarsi II, III, and IV, while the coxae are marked by elongated smooth sclerites and deep posterior invaginations (coxa IV also has an anterior invagination). The capitulum features a short, broad, reniform basis, a very short and broad hood, a hair-lined camerostome, short, heavy palpi with a ventrally/laterally swollen first article, and a vestigial, toothless hypostome. The adult lacks eyes but possesses a sexual opening at the level of the posterior ends of coxae I, circular, mildly convex spiracles, a very small circular anus, coxal and supracoxal folds, and a faint median postanal groove situated anterior to a short postanal groove.	Cooley, R. A., and Glen Milton Kohls. The Argasidae of North America, Central America and Cuba. American Midland Naturalist. Monograph ;No. 1, 152 p. The University press, 1944. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001632103.
Otobius megnini	First Nymph	This stage closely resembles the newly emerged second nymphal stage but is smaller overall, featuring more slender legs, an absence of posthypostomal hairs, and a much shorter hypostome.	Cooley, R. A., and Glen Milton Kohls. The Argasidae of North America, Central America and Cuba. American Midland Naturalist. Monograph ;No. 1, 152 p. The University press, 1944. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001632103.
Otobius megnini	Larva	The unfed larva is oval, and possesses two pairs of hemispherical, ocellus-like eyes and a thin, striated integument with symmetrically arranged bristle-like hairs. The capitulum is visible from both dorsal and ventral views, featuring a very long hypostome with a 2/2 denticle arrangement and very long palpi where articles 2 and 3 are equal in length and 1 and 4 are short. The long legs have a long pulvillus stalk and a small pulvillus. When fully fed, the distended larva becomes broader in front, with the capitulum projecting anteriorly in a conical shape.	Cooley, R. A., and Glen Milton Kohls. The Argasidae of North America, Central America and Cuba. American Midland Naturalist. Monograph ;No. 1, 152 p. The University press, 1944. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001632103.
Otobius megnini	Male	The panduriform body is rounded behind and slightly attenuated anteriorly, broadest at legs II and III, constricted just behind leg IV, and is generally a little smaller than the female. The granulated integument lacks true mammillae but features numerous circular depressions with central tubercles, symmetrical and slightly depressed disc areas, and a few fine anterior hairs. The short, heavy legs have few inconspicuous hairs and a moderate subapical dorsal protuberance on tarsi II, III, and IV, while the coxae are marked by elongated smooth sclerites and deep posterior invaginations (coxa IV also has an anterior invagination). The capitulum features a short, broad, reniform basis, a very short and broad hood, a hair-lined camerostome, short, heavy palpi with a ventrally/laterally swollen first article, and a vestigial, toothless hypostome. The adult lacks eyes but possesses a sexual opening at the level of the posterior ends of coxae I, circular, mildly convex spiracles, a very small circular anus, coxal and supracoxal folds, and a faint median postanal groove situated anterior to a short postanal groove.	Cooley, R. A., and Glen Milton Kohls. The Argasidae of North America, Central America and Cuba. American Midland Naturalist. Monograph ;No. 1, 152 p. The University press, 1944. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001632103.
Otobius megnini	Second Nymph	This commonly observed stage is larger than the adult when fully fed; however, unfed specimens are much narrowed posteriorly, broadest at the third pair of legs, and rounded anteriorly. The shining integument features fine reticulations over depressed, spineless disc areas, while the rest of the body is covered in conspicuous spines: heavier-based spines occupy an anterior dorsal crescentic area extending to the anterior ventral surface, and more slender spines cover the posterior dorsal, lateral, and ventral areas. The short, heavy legs have slightly longer hairs than the adults and lack (or have very small) subapical dorsal protuberances, arising from indefinite coxae marked only by short, V-shaped sclerites. The smooth, subrectangular, ventrally tumescent capitulum lacks a hood and camerostome, instead featuring a few anterior lateral hairs, a group of short, heavy posterior spines, and a large, tapering hypostome with long, sharp denticles arranged 4/4 lacking posthypostomal hairs. True grooves are absent, folds are faint or absent, and the spiracles are conical.	Cooley, R. A., and Glen Milton Kohls. The Argasidae of North America, Central America and Cuba. American Midland Naturalist. Monograph ;No. 1, 152 p. The University press, 1944. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001632103.
Rhipicephalus annulatus	Female	Coxa I with very short outer and inner spines, scales wide, not separated by a narrow notch; coxae II-III without an external spur, the postero-external angle marked at most by a bordering ridge; 4/4 dentition hypostoma.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus annulatus	Male	Caudal appendix absent; coxae II-III without external spine; scaly (at the most one postero-external ridge); Coxa I with short external and internal spines; adanal plate to more or less acute postero-internal; 4/4 dentition in hypostome.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus bursa	Female	Eyes flat; Scutum brown; Coxa IV with very short spurs, usually much shorter than the coxa Scutum short oval, or as broad as long; Scutum with large punctations close together; Scutum with regularly distributed punctations; Basis capituli together with palps as broad as long; Posterior border of scutum bending up opposite the lateral grooves.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus bursa	Male	Adanal plates triangular or sub-triangular (internal borders straight or slightly concave); Coxa IV with very short spurs, much shorter than the coxa; Marginal grooves long and deep, commencing near the eyes; Scutum with unequal punctations distributed throughout the whole surface mostly fine and non contiguous.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus bursa	Nymph	Basis capiruli with. Broadly rounded lateral angles, posterior margin slightly convex, cornua absent. Palps as long as a hypostome, cylindrical. Scutum much broader than long; Ventrally coxae l each with a long narrow external spur and a shorter, broader internal spur; coxae II to IV each with an external spur only.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus decoloratus	Female	The short mouthparts share the hexagonal basis capituli, 3/3 hypostome dentition, and the bristle-bearing protuberance on the first palpal segment seen in the male. The scutum lacks festoons, has difficult-to-see eyes, bears numerous fine hairs, and is divided by two distinct grooves into a central yellow area and two reddish-brown lateral areas. The engorged female turns blue, frequently displaying a constriction in the middle and a rather soft-looking integument, and possesses pale yellow, slender legs with beady segments.	Maxime Madder, Ivan Horak, and Hein Stoltsz. “Ticks Identification.” Ticks, African Veterinary Information Portal (AFRIVIP). Accessed April 6, 2026. https://www.afrivip.org/sites/default/files/Ticks_identification/index.html.
Rhipicephalus decoloratus	Male	The short mouthparts feature a hexagonal basis capituli, a 3/3 hypostome dentition pattern, and a bristle-bearing protuberance on the internal margin of the first palpal segment. The yellowish conscutum lacks festoons, bears numerous fine hairs, has difficult-to-see eyes, and is often so poorly sclerotized that the underlying gut outlines are visible. A small caudal process is present, and the protruding tips of the adanal and accessory adanal plates can be seen from above, with the adanal plates specifically featuring a long, narrow, posteriorly directed internal spur and a shorter external spur. The pale yellow, slender legs have segments with a beady appearance.	Maxime Madder, Ivan Horak, and Hein Stoltsz. “Ticks Identification.” Ticks, African Veterinary Information Portal (AFRIVIP). Accessed April 6, 2026. https://www.afrivip.org/sites/default/files/Ticks_identification/index.html.
Rhipicephalus geigyi	Female	The barely engorged body measures 2.5 mm in length and 1.25 mm in width. The scutum is slightly longer than it is wide, featuring concave cervical grooves that extend to the lateral margin, and seta-bearing punctations concentrated in the central field and on the scapulae. The capitulum has a hexagonal basis (~2.5 times as wide as long) with discrete, rounded cornua, large ellipsoidal porose areas separated by a distance equal to their largest diameter, short palps where segment I features a protuberance with a strong lateral seta, and a hypostome with a 4/4 dental formula. The coxal armature is similar to the male's, displaying a divided coxa I with two spines, small external scale-like spines on coxae II and III, and an unarmed coxa IV.	Aeschlimann, André, and P. C. Morel. “Boophilus geigyi n.sp. (Acarina Ixodoidea) une nouvelle tique du bétail de l’Ouest Africain.” Acta Tropica, Elsevier, 1965/22/2/162-168, 1965. https://libra.unine.ch/handle/20.500.14713/61246.
Rhipicephalus geigyi	Male	The body measures 1.9 mm in length and 0.96 mm in width. The conscutum (1.51 - 1.89 x 0.86 - 0.99 mm) features a sinuous outline, strong scapulae, short divergent cervical grooves, and regularly distributed seta-bearing punctations. Ventrally, it possesses a median caudal appendage, elongated adanal plates ending in two points (with the internal point being stronger and capable of exceeding the posterior body margin), and smaller accessory plates that also bear a well-developed point. The capitulum has a hexagonal basis (~2.5 times as wide as long) with very slightly salient, rounded cornua, stocky palps where segment I has a characteristic protuberance bearing a single seta, and a hypostome with a 4/4 dental formula. The legs feature a deeply divided coxa I with two strongly chitinized spurs (the internal is wider and rounded; the external is thinner and acute), a small external scale-like spine on coxae II and III, and an unarmed coxa IV.	Aeschlimann, André, and P. C. Morel. “Boophilus geigyi n.sp. (Acarina Ixodoidea) une nouvelle tique du bétail de l’Ouest Africain.” Acta Tropica, Elsevier, 1965/22/2/162-168, 1965. https://libra.unine.ch/handle/20.500.14713/61246.
Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides	Female	Punctuations few, sparsely scattered, strongly unequal, larger ones arranged almost in longitudinal rows and found in the posterior portion of the median field, finer ones hardly visible.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides	Male	Adanal shields sickle shape with external and posterior margins forming a regular curve; punctuations comparatively less numerous, strongly unequal; larger ones few in number and regularly arranged: finer ones numerous, very minute and hardly visible; basis capituli twice as broad as long.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides	Nymph	Basis capitulai hexagonal with cox I have bifurcated spur.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus microplus	Female	Coxa I with short outer and inner spines, separated by a narrow notch; coxae II-III with scaly outer spine, Coxa II with an internal spine in scale; hypostoma dentation 4/4.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus microplus	Male	Caudal appendage present; Adanal plates with more or less postero-internal angle acute; accessory plates with a sharp point; coxa II with thorn wide internal; 4/4 dentition hypostoma.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus ramachandri	Female	The female measures approximately 2.03 - 2.42 mm in length and 0.99 - 1.24 mm in width. The scutum is almost as wide as long (widest at midlength) and features numerous, large, contiguous punctations, flat marginal eyes, and distinct cervical grooves with concave outer margins extending almost its entire length. The capitulum is much wider than the male's, with oval porose areas extending anteriorly nearly to the hypostome base and a small rounded depression between them, while the palpi and hypostome remain similar to the male's. The dorsal integument shows well-developed lateral grooves extending to the first festoon, distinct median and paramedian grooves, and 11 poorly differentiated dorsal festoons. Ventrally, the genital grooves diverge slightly to the level of the elongate-oval spiracular plates and then run parallel without touching the festoons, while the Y-shaped anal groove has arched lateral arms and a long posterior arm. The legs are similar to those of the male, but the apicoventral hooks on tarsi II to IV are only feebly developed.	Dhanda, Vijai. “Rhipicephalus Ramachandrai Sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae) from the Indian Gerbil, Tatera Indica (Hardwicke, 1807) (Rodentia: Muridae).” The Journal of Parasitology 52, no. 5 (1966): 1025–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276552.
Rhipicephalus ramachandri	Larva	The larval body measures approximately 0.46 - 0.51 mm in length and 0.34 - 0.38 mm in width. Its scutum is almost twice as broad as long, widest near the posterior end, with flat, indistinct marginal eyes. The capitulum features a dorsally rounded, ventrally rectangular basis capituli, an obsolete first palpal segment, and a small, posteriorly directed triangular ventral spur on the third palpal segment. The short, broad hypostome has a 2/2 dental formula with 4 teeth in the inner row and 5 in the outer row. The dorsal integument is covered in numerous setae and clearly displays 11 distinct festoons. The legs possess a small subtriangular spur on coxa I, while coxae II and III only feature small ridgelike projections.	Dhanda, Vijai. “Rhipicephalus Ramachandrai Sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae) from the Indian Gerbil, Tatera Indica (Hardwicke, 1807) (Rodentia: Muridae).” The Journal of Parasitology 52, no. 5 (1966): 1025–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276552.
Rhipicephalus ramachandri	Male	The body measures approximately 1.86 - 2.16 mm in length and 0.99 - 1.16 mm in width, changing from golden yellow when freshly emerged to light or dark brown upon preservation. The elongate-oval scutum is widest at the spiracles, featuring extremely numerous, large, mostly contiguous punctations, indistinct flat marginal eyes on the anterior fourth, distinct cervical pits with obsolete grooves, and poorly differentiated dorsal festoons. The hexagonal basis capituli has small distinct cornua and a wide ventrolateral salience, while the short palpi feature a triangular ventral plate with three feathery setae on segment 1, two to three feathery setae on segment 2, and a minute conical ventral spur on segment 3. The clavate hypostome has a 3/3 dental formula with ~5 teeth in the inner row and 7-8 in the outer rows. Ventrally, it possesses a large, oval, minutely serrated genital operculum, a longitudinal anal slit on a circular plate, large subtriangular anal shields with rounded posterior margins, small, bluntly pointed adanal shields, and 11 well-differentiated ventral festoons. The legs feature a deeply divided coxa I with a broad internal and narrow external spur, distinct triangular external spurs on coxae II to IV, and distinct apicoventral hooks on tarsi II to IV.	Dhanda, Vijai. “Rhipicephalus Ramachandrai Sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae) from the Indian Gerbil, Tatera Indica (Hardwicke, 1807) (Rodentia: Muridae).” The Journal of Parasitology 52, no. 5 (1966): 1025–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276552.
Rhipicephalus ramachandri	Nymph	The nymph measures approximately 0.97 - 1.08 mm in length and 0.54 - 0.65 mm in width. Its scutum is wider than long (widest at the posterior third) and features flat but distinct marginal eyes. The capitulum has a distinct ventroposterior cornualike process, and a basis capituli that is dorsally three times as wide as long with sharply pointed lateral salience. The palpi possess a single large feathery infrainternal seta on segment 1, a single feathery infrainternal seta on segment 2, and a minute, conical, posteriorly directed ventral spur on segment 3, accompanied by a clavate hypostome with a 2/2 dental formula. The dorsal integument has indistinct grooves and poorly differentiated festoons, while ventrally there are ovoid spiracular plates, divergent genital grooves, a Y-shaped anal groove with an extremely short posterior arm, and 11 well-differentiated ventral festoons. Leg coxa I has two distinct spurs (the outer slightly larger), coxa II has a large triangular spur, and coxae III and IV have shorter and minute spurs, respectively.	Dhanda, Vijai. “Rhipicephalus Ramachandrai Sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae) from the Indian Gerbil, Tatera Indica (Hardwicke, 1807) (Rodentia: Muridae).” The Journal of Parasitology 52, no. 5 (1966): 1025–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276552.
Rhipicephalus sanguineus	Female	Basis capitulai hexagonal; Punctuations numerous, close-set, irregularly arranged, unequal, larger ones not found in the posterior portion of the median field.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus sanguineus	Male	Basis capitulai hexagonal; Adanal shield triangular with internal margin almost straight; punctuations comparatively numerous, unequal and irregularly arranged; basis capiltuli three times as broad as long.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus sanguineus	Nymph	Basis capitulai hexagonal with cox I have bifurcated spur.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus scalpturatus	Female	The scutum (1.57 x 1.43 mm) is longer than it is broad and has an almost impunctate appearance due to relatively few, shallow punctations, featuring slightly bulging eyes located about halfway back (edged dorsally with small punctations) and broad, elongate, striated cervical fields depressed between raised internal and external cervical margins. The capitulum (0.77 x 0.84 mm) features short, broad palps, large porose areas that are longer in the anteroposterior axis, and a basis capituli with broad lateral angles that do not overlap the scapulae. Ventrally, the female has a broadly U-shaped genital aperture with a bulging genital apron.	Walker, Jane B., James E. Keirans, and Ivan G. Horak. The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511661754.
Rhipicephalus scalpturatus	Male	The conscutum (3.45 x 1.95 mm) broadens posterior to the marginal, slightly bulging eyes, is indented at the central festoon, and features a few moderately large scattered punctations, deep marginal lines extending to eye level, and deep, relatively narrow, curved trough-like cervical fields with raised surfaces between the external margins and eyes. The posteromedian groove is broad, deep, and long (reaching the central festoon), while posterolateral grooves appear as irregular, poorly defined depressions. The capitulum (0.79 x 0.82 mm) features short, broad palps and a basis capituli with long, slightly curving lateral angles (which do not conceal the large apical process of coxa I) and a short, straight posterior margin situated between long triangular cornua. Ventrally, the male possesses very large, broad spiracles extending from just posterior to coxae IV to festoons I, elongate rod-like accessory adanal plates, and elongate, triangular adanal plates with almost straight posterior margins that extend slightly medially behind the anus but lack posterointernal points. The legs increase markedly in size from I to IV.	Walker, Jane B., James E. Keirans, and Ivan G. Horak. The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511661754.
Rhipicephalus simus	Female	Scutum short oval, or as broad as long; Scutum with numerous punctuations; Scutum with no large punctuations near the posterior border; Articles of legs marked with fine punctuations; Scutum with deep lateral grooves; Scutum with the convex or slightly angular posterior border	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus simus	Male	Adanal plates sub-triangular (internal borders slightly concave); Coxa IV with very short spurs, much shorter than the coxa; Marginal grooves long and deep, commencing near the eyes; Scutum with large equal punctuations, usually in longitudinal rows, intermixed with fine indistinct punctations.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus simus	Nymph	Ventrally coxae I each with a long narrow external spur and a shorter broader internal spur; coxae II and III each with a small sharp external spur; coxae IV each with a slight salience only on its posterior border.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus species		Capitulum short, basis capituli hexagonal, with lateral projections on the dorsal aspect on each side. Palps short, broad and flat on the dorsal surface, the external border straight or convex. The first segment of palp is prolonged internally on the ventral surface and bears a number of feathery hairs. Hypostome, with six rows of teeth. Coxa I bidentate, the internal spur broad and flat, the external conical. The remaining coxae with very short external spurs. The male has adanal and accessory adanal shields or plates, the shapes of which are of diagnosable value. Rhipicephalus are mostly three-host ticks.	A. Elango. Hands-on Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae). ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, 2022. https://vcrc.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/Manuals/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR-VCRC.pdf.
Rhipicephalus turanicus	Female	Capitulum broader than long, length x breadth ranging from 0.56 mm x 0.67 mm to 0.72 m m x 0.78 mm. Basis capituli with blunt lateral angles a little anterior to mid-length; porose areas oval, about twice their own diameter apart. Palps tapering to quite narrowly-rounded apices. Scutum slightly longer than broad, length x breadth ranging from 1.20 mm x 1.16 mm to 1.53 mm x 1.45 mm; posterior margin markedly sinuous. Eyes fiat, edged dorsally by a few large setiferous punctations. Cervical pits convergent; cervical fields slightly depressed, their external margins sharply defined, with numerous large deep setiferous punctations. A few large setiferous punctations also present on the scapulae and medially on the scutum, interspersed with numerous interstitial punctations. Punctation pattern variable but usually dense and conspicuous. Ventrally genital aperture small, U-shaped to broadly V-shaped.	Walker, Jane B., James E. Keirans, and Ivan G. Horak. The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511661754.
Rhipicephalus turanicus	Larva	Capitulum much broader than long, length x breadth ranging from 0.097 mm x 0.146 mm to 0.103 mm x 0.160 mm. Basis capituli just over three times as broad as long, with lateral angles relatively sharp in African strain but more rounded in Mediterranean strain. Anterolateral margins of basis capituli approximately in line with external palpal margins. Palps tapering to narrowly-rounded apices, inclined inwards. Scutum much broader than long, length x breadth ranging from 0.201 mm x 0.275 mm to 0.215 mm x 0.299 mm; posterior margin a wide, very shallow curve. Eyes at widest point, almost fiat. Cervical grooves convergent initially, becoming shallow and slightly divergent. Ven t rally coxae I each with a large broadly-rounded spur; coxae II and III each with a slight salience only on the posterior margin.	Walker, Jane B., James E. Keirans, and Ivan G. Horak. The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511661754.
Rhipicephalus turanicus	Male	Capitulum slightly broader than long, length x breadth ranging from 0.52 mm x 0.56 mm to 0.64 mm x 0.65 mm. Basis capituli with acute lateral angles at about anterior third of its length. Palps tapering somewhat to rounded apices. Conscutum length x breadth ranging from 2.34 mm x 1.49 mm to 2.90 mm x 1.95 mm; anterior process of coxae I inconspicuous. In engorged specimens body wall expanded consider ably laterally but less so posteriorly, with a small rounded caudal process. Eyes flat, edged dorsally by a few large setiferous punctations. Cervical pits comma-shaped, convergent; cervical fields slightly depressed, their external margins delimited by large setiferous punctations. Marginal lines long, deep, outlined with numerous large punctations. Posteromedian and posterolateral grooves short, broad. A few large setiferous punctations present on scapulae and in four more-or-less distinct 'simus' pattern rows me dially on the conscutum, interspersed with numerous interstitial punctations. Although the punctation pattern varies considerably it is typically relatively deep and dense. Ventrally spiracles somewhat variable in shape but dorsal prolongation usually as wide as adjacent festoon and either gently curved or slightly angled. Adanal plates vary from broad and truncated to longer and more pointed posteriorly; accessory adanal plates well sclerotized, sharply pointed.	Walker, Jane B., James E. Keirans, and Ivan G. Horak. The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511661754.
Rhipicephalus turanicus	Nymph	Capitulum much broader than long, length x breadth ranging from 0.15 mm x 0.28 to 0 .18 mm x 0. 31 mm. Basis capituli over three times as broad as long, with tapering lateral angles overlapping the scapulae; ventrally with short spurs on posterior margin. Anterolateral margins of basis capituli approximately in line with external palpal margins. Palps tapering to narrowly-rounded apices, inclined inwards. Scutum longer than broad, length x breadth ranging from 0.39 mm x 0.33 mm to 0.46 m m x 0.38 mm; relatively shorter and broader in Mediterranean than in African strain; pos terior margin a deep smooth curve. Eyes at widest point, well over halfway back, almost fiat. Cervical fields long, narrow, slightly depressed, inconspicuous. Scutal setae longer and more ob vious in African than in Mediterranean strain. Ventrally coxae I each with a slightly longer nar rower external spur and a shorter broader inter nal spur; coxae II to IV each with an external spur only, decreasing progressively in size.	Walker, Jane B., James E. Keirans, and Ivan G. Horak. The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511661754.