Melamine
| Associated curated AOPs from AOP-Wiki |
|---|
Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 1
AOPs with at least 1 KE associated with chemical, where the KE(s) are neither MIE nor AO
| AOP Identifier | AOP Title | AO Classification | OECD Status | Coverage Score | KE Identifier | KE Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOP:7 | Aromatase (Cyp19a1) reduction leading to impaired fertility in adult female | Reproductive System Disease; Endocrine System Disease; Reproductive System Disease | Under Review | 0.4 | KE:3 | Reduction, 17beta-estradiol synthesis by ovarian granulosa cells |
| KE:219 | Reduction, Plasma 17beta-estradiol concentrations | |||||
| AOP:8 | Upregulation of Thyroid Hormone Catabolism via Activation of Hepatic Nuclear Receptors, and Subsequent Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Mammals | Nervous System Disease | Under Development | 0.11 | KE:295 | Induction, Upregulation of glucuronyltransferase activity |
| AOP:18 | PPARα activation in utero leading to impaired fertility in males | Reproductive System Disease | Under Review | 0.12 | KE:1690 | Decrease, circulating testosterone levels |
| AOP:23 | Androgen receptor agonism leading to reproductive dysfunction (in repeat-spawning fish) | Unclassified | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.2 | KE:3 | Reduction, 17beta-estradiol synthesis by ovarian granulosa cells |
| KE:219 | Reduction, Plasma 17beta-estradiol concentrations | |||||
| AOP:25 | Aromatase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunction | Unclassified | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.25 | KE:3 | Reduction, 17beta-estradiol synthesis by ovarian granulosa cells |
| KE:219 | Reduction, Plasma 17beta-estradiol concentrations | |||||
| AOP:41 | Sustained AhR Activation leading to Rodent Liver Tumours | Cancer; Gastrointestinal System Disease | Under Review | 0.2 | KE:853 | Changes/Inhibition, Cellular Homeostasis and Apoptosis |
| AOP:64 | Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) Mediated Adult Leydig Cell Dysfunction Leading to Decreased Male Fertility | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.43 | KE:1690 | Decrease, circulating testosterone levels |
| KE:496 | Increased apoptosis, decreased fetal/adult Leydig Cells | |||||
| KE:520 | Decreased sperm quantity or quality in the adult, Decreased fertility | |||||
| AOP:77 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation contributes to abnormal foraging and leads to colony death/failure 1 | Unclassified | - | 0.14 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:78 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation contributes to abnormal role change within the worker bee caste leading to colony death failure 1 | Unclassified | - | 0.12 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:87 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation contributes to abnormal foraging and leads to colony loss/failure | Unclassified | - | 0.12 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:88 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation contributes to abnormal foraging and leads to colony loss/failure via abnormal role change within caste | Unclassified | - | 0.14 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:89 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation followed by desensitization contributes to abnormal foraging and directly leads to colony loss/failure | Unclassified | - | 0.12 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:90 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation contributes to abnormal roll change within the worker bee caste leading to colony loss/failure 2 | Unclassified | - | 0.12 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:99 | Histamine (H2) receptor antagonism leading to reduced survival | Unclassified | - | 0.14 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:112 | Increased dopaminergic activity leading to endometrial adenocarcinomas (in Wistar rat) | Reproductive System Disease; Cancer | - | 0.17 | KE:749 | Decreased, Progesterone from corpus luteum |
| AOP:120 | Inhibition of 5α-reductase leading to Leydig cell tumors (in rat) | Cancer; Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.2 | KE:1690 | Decrease, circulating testosterone levels |
| AOP:122 | Prolyl hydroxylase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunction via increased HIF1 heterodimer formation | Unclassified | - | 0.2 | KE:3 | Reduction, 17beta-estradiol synthesis by ovarian granulosa cells |
| KE:219 | Reduction, Plasma 17beta-estradiol concentrations | |||||
| AOP:123 | Unknown MIE leading to reproductive dysfunction via increased HIF-1alpha transcription | Unclassified | - | 0.18 | KE:3 | Reduction, 17beta-estradiol synthesis by ovarian granulosa cells |
| KE:219 | Reduction, Plasma 17beta-estradiol concentrations | |||||
| AOP:124 | HMG-CoA reductase inhibition leading to decreased fertility | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.17 | KE:1690 | Decrease, circulating testosterone levels |
| AOP:194 | Hepatic nuclear receptor activation leading to altered amphibian metamorphosis | Unclassified | - | 0.17 | KE:295 | Induction, Upregulation of glucuronyltransferase activity |
| AOP:207 | NADPH oxidase and P38 MAPK activation leading to reproductive failure in Caenorhabditis elegans | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.12 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
| AOP:218 | Inhibition of CYP7B activity leads to decreased reproductive success via decreased locomotor activity | Unclassified | - | 0.17 | KE:1141 | Decreased, Reproductive Success |
| AOP:219 | Inhibition of CYP7B activity leads to decreased reproductive success via decreased sexual behavior | Unclassified | - | 0.17 | KE:1141 | Decreased, Reproductive Success |
| AOP:271 | Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase leading to impaired fertility in fish | Unclassified | Under Development | 0.2 | KE:219 | Reduction, Plasma 17beta-estradiol concentrations |
| AOP:288 | Inhibition of 17α-hydrolase/C 10,20-lyase (Cyp17A1) activity leads to birth reproductive defects (cryptorchidism) in male (mammals) | Endocrine System Disease | - | 0.12 | KE:1690 | Decrease, circulating testosterone levels |
| AOP:289 | Inhibition of 5α-reductase leading to impaired fecundity in female fish | Unclassified | Under Development | 0.17 | KE:219 | Reduction, Plasma 17beta-estradiol concentrations |
| AOP:309 | Luteinizing hormone receptor antagonism leading to reproductive dysfunction | Unclassified | - | 0.29 | KE:1693 | Reduction, Plasma progesterone concentration |
| KE:1692 | Reduction, Progesterone synthesis | |||||
| AOP:310 | Embryonic Activation of the AHR leading to Reproductive failure, via epigenetic down-regulation of GnRHR | Unclassified | - | 0.17 | KE:3 | Reduction, 17beta-estradiol synthesis by ovarian granulosa cells |
| KE:219 | Reduction, Plasma 17beta-estradiol concentrations | |||||
| AOP:346 | Aromatase inhibition leads to male-biased sex ratio via impacts on gonad differentiation | Unclassified | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.2 | KE:1789 | Reduction, 17beta-estradiol synthesis by the undifferentiated gonad |
| AOP:413 | Oxidation and antagonism of reduced glutathione leading to mortality via acute renal failure | Unclassified | - | 0.17 | KE:1607 | Increase, Necrosis |
| AOP:419 | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation leading to impaired lung function through P53 toxicity pathway | Respiratory System Disease | - | 0.25 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
| AOP:439 | Activation of the AhR leading to metastatic breast cancer | Thoracic Disease; Cancer | Under Development | 0.11 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
| AOP:441 | Ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage leads to microcephaly via apoptosis and premature cell differentiation | Congenital Nervous System Abnormality; Nervous System Disease | - | 0.14 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
| AOP:446 | PM-related Adverse outcome pathway frameworks on various systems | Respiratory System Disease | - | 0.05 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
| AOP:447 | Kidney failure induced by inhibition of mitochondrial electron transfer chain through apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress pathways | Urinary System Disease | - | 0.08 | KE:1097 | Occurrence, renal proximal tubular necrosis |
| AOP:452 | Adverse outcome pathway of PM-induced respiratory toxicity | Respiratory System Disease | - | 0.09 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
| AOP:458 | AhR activation in the liver leading to Subsequent Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Mammals | Cognitive Disorder | - | 0.12 | KE:295 | Induction, Upregulation of glucuronyltransferase activity |
| AOP:460 | Antagonism of Smoothened receptor leading to orofacial clefting | Unclassified | Under Development | 0.11 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
| AOP:463 | The AOP framwork on silica nanopariticles induced hepatoxicity | Gastrointestinal System Disease | - | 0.09 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
| AOP:472 | DNA adduct formation leading to kidney failure | Urinary System Disease | - | 0.11 | KE:1097 | Occurrence, renal proximal tubular necrosis |
| AOP:491 | Decrease, GLI1/2 target gene expression leads to orofacial clefting | Unclassified | Under Development | 0.17 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
| AOP:495 | Androgen receptor activation leading to prostate cancer | Reproductive System Disease; Cancer | - | 0.11 | KE:1183 | Decreased, Apoptosis (Epithelial Cells) |
| AOP:496 | Androgen receptor agonism leading to reproduction dysfunction （in zebrafish） | Unclassified | - | 0.2 | KE:1690 | Decrease, circulating testosterone levels |
| KE:219 | Reduction, Plasma 17beta-estradiol concentrations | |||||
| AOP:521 | Essential element imbalance leads to reproductive failure via oxidative stress | Unclassified | - | 0.14 | KE:2206 | Increased, histomorphological alteration of testis |
| AOP:540 | Oxidative Stress in the Fish Ovary Leads to Reproductive Impairment via Reduced Vitellogenin Production | Unclassified | - | 0.22 | KE:3 | Reduction, 17beta-estradiol synthesis by ovarian granulosa cells |
| KE:1262 | Apoptosis | |||||
| AOP:549 | Aromatase inhibition leads to reproductive toxicity (including growth and developmental toxicity) in adult female zebrafish | Unclassified | - | 0.12 | KE:219 | Reduction, Plasma 17beta-estradiol concentrations |
| AOP:563 | Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) activation causes Premature Ovarian Insufficiency via Bax mediated apoptosis | Reproductive System Disease; Endocrine System Disease | - | 0.17 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 2
AOPs with at least 1 AO associated with chemical, and no associated MIE
| AOP Identifier | AOP Title | AO Classification | OECD Status | Coverage Score | KE Identifier | KE Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOP:12 | Chronic binding of antagonist to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) during brain development leads to neurodegeneration with impairment in learning and memory in aging | Nervous System Disease; Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.12 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:13 | Chronic binding of antagonist to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) during brain development induces impairment of learning and memory abilities | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.1 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:17 | Binding of electrophilic chemicals to SH(thiol)-group of proteins and /or to seleno-proteins involved in protection against oxidative stress during brain development leads to impairment of learning and memory | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.1 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:48 | Binding of agonists to ionotropic glutamate receptors in adult brain causes excitotoxicity that mediates neuronal cell death, contributing to learning and memory impairment. | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.11 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:54 | Inhibition of Na+/I- symporter (NIS) leads to learning and memory impairment | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.1 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:63 | Cyclooxygenase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunction | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.2 | KE:675 | Reduced, Reproductive Success |
| AOP:100 | Cyclooxygenase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunction via inhibition of female spawning behavior | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.14 | KE:675 | Reduced, Reproductive Success |
| AOP:101 | Cyclooxygenase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunction via inhibition of pheromone release | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.14 | KE:675 | Reduced, Reproductive Success |
| AOP:102 | Cyclooxygenase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunction via interference with meiotic prophase I /metaphase I transition | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.1 | KE:675 | Reduced, Reproductive Success |
| AOP:103 | Cyclooxygenase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunction via interference with spindle assembly checkpoint | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.1 | KE:675 | Reduced, Reproductive Success |
| AOP:139 | Alkylation of DNA leading to cancer 1 | Cancer | - | 0.25 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
| AOP:203 | 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibition leading to decreased reproductive success and population decline | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.12 | KE:1141 | Decreased, Reproductive Success |
| AOP:205 | AOP from chemical insult to cell death | Unclassified | - | 0.33 | KE:1263 | Necrosis |
| KE:1262 | Apoptosis | |||||
| AOP:212 | Histone deacetylase inhibition leading to testicular atrophy | Reproductive System Disease | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.33 | KE:1506 | Testicular atrophy |
| KE:1262 | Apoptosis | |||||
| AOP:322 | Alkylation of DNA leading to reduced sperm count | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.2 | KE:1757 | Reduce, Sperm count |
| AOP:384 | Hyperactivation of ACE/Ang-II/AT1R axis leading to chronic kidney disease | Urinary System Disease | - | 0.17 | KE:1603 | Chronic kidney disease |
| AOP:474 | Succinate dehydrogenase inactivation leads to cancer by promoting EMT | Cancer | Under Development | 0.2 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
| AOP:475 | Binding of chemicals to ionotropic glutamate receptors leads to impairment of learning and memory via loss of drebrin from dendritic spines of neurons | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | Under Development | 0.12 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:483 | Deposition of Energy Leading to Learning and Memory Impairment | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | Under Review | 0.12 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:490 | Co-activation of IP3R and RyR leads to reduced IQ through non-cholinergic mechanisms | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | - | 0.09 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:498 | Increased LCN2/iron complex leading to neurological disorders | Nervous System Disease | - | 0.25 | KE:2150 | Neurological disorder |
| AOP:499 | Activation of MEK-ERK1/2 leads to deficits in learning and cognition via disrupted neurotransmitter release | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | - | 0.25 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:500 | Activation of MEK-ERK1/2 leads to deficits in learning and cognition via ROS and apoptosis | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | - | 0.29 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
| KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory | |||||
| AOP:501 | Excessive iron accumulation leading to neurological disorders | Nervous System Disease | - | 0.25 | KE:2150 | Neurological disorder |
| AOP:505 | Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation leads to cancer via inflammation pathway | Cancer | - | 0.2 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
| AOP:513 | Reactive Oxygen (ROS) formation leads to cancer via Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway | Cancer | - | 0.2 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
| AOP:520 | Retinoic acid receptor agonism during neurodevelopment leading to impaired learning and memory | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | - | 0.2 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:525 | Reduced oligodendrocyte differentiation during neurodevelopment leading to impaired learning and memory | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | - | 0.08 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:533 | Retinoic acid receptor antagonism during neurodevelopment leading to impaired learning and memory | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | - | 0.17 | KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory |
| AOP:534 | Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibition leads to cancer through oxidative stress | Cancer | - | 0.17 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
| AOP:535 | Binding and activation of GPER leading to learning and memory impairments | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | - | 0.22 | KE:1262 | Apoptosis |
| KE:341 | Impairment, Learning and memory | |||||
| AOP:546 | Succinate dehydrogenase inactivation leads to cancer through hypoxic-like mechanisms | Cancer | - | 0.2 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
No associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 3
No associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 5
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TICToK is a knowledgebase of chemicals found in tattoo inks, compiled from publicly available regulatory and scientific resources. The chemical classifications presented in this knowledgebase are derived from multiple publicly available resources and are provided solely for informational purposes, and they are neither authoritative nor binding. The chemical-AOP mappings compiled in this knowledgebase serve as plausible hypotheses for research, and further experimental validation is required to definitively establish these potential toxicity mechanisms. The authors bear no responsibility for any errors, omissions, or inconsistencies originating from these external sources. Users are advised to exercise independent judgment when interpreting chemical classifications and any other data provided in this resource. Importantly, our sole goal to build this resource on tattoo ink chemicals is to enable future basic research on this topic, and it does not necessarily reflect the views or objectives of our employers or funders.