Phenol

Phenol



Associated High Confidence AOPs
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Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 1
AOPs with at least 1 KE associated with chemical, where the KE(s) are neither MIE nor AO
AOP Identifier AOP Title AO Classification OECD Status Coverage Score KE Identifier KE Name
AOP:16Acetylcholinesterase inhibition leading to acute mortalityUnclassifiedUnder Development0.14KE:445
Respiratory distress/arrest
AOP:41Sustained AhR Activation leading to Rodent Liver TumoursCancer; Gastrointestinal System DiseaseUnder Review0.2KE:853
Changes/Inhibition, Cellular Homeostasis and Apoptosis
AOP:64Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) Mediated Adult Leydig Cell Dysfunction Leading to Decreased Male FertilityReproductive System Disease-0.14KE:496
Increased apoptosis, decreased fetal/adult Leydig Cells
AOP:94Sodium channel inhibition leading to congenital malformationsUnclassified-0.17KE:445
Respiratory distress/arrest
AOP:207NADPH oxidase and P38 MAPK activation leading to reproductive failure in Caenorhabditis elegansReproductive System Disease-0.12KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:212Histone deacetylase inhibition leading to testicular atrophyReproductive System DiseaseWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.17KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:220Cyp2E1 Activation Leading to Liver CancerCancer; Gastrointestinal System DiseaseWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.2KE:1394
Induction, persistent proliferation/sustained proliferation
AOP:327Excessive reactive oxygen species production leading to mortality (1)Unclassified-0.2KE:1769
Increase, Body fluid overload
AOP:379Binding to ACE2 leading to thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulationCardiovascular System DiseaseUnder Development0.14KE:1869
Diminished protective oxidative stress response
AOP:406SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hyperinflammationUnclassified-0.17KE:1869
Diminished protective oxidative stress response
AOP:419Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation leading to impaired lung function through P53 toxicity pathwayRespiratory System Disease-0.25KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:439Activation of the AhR leading to metastatic breast cancerThoracic Disease; CancerUnder Development0.11KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:441Ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage leads to microcephaly via apoptosis and premature cell differentiationCongenital Nervous System Abnormality; Nervous System Disease-0.14KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:443DNA damage and mutations leading to Metastatic Breast CancerThoracic Disease; CancerUnder Development0.1KE:112
Antagonism, Estrogen receptor
AOP:446PM-related Adverse outcome pathway frameworks on various systemsRespiratory System Disease-0.05KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:447Kidney failure induced by inhibition of mitochondrial electron transfer chain through apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress pathwaysUrinary System Disease-0.08KE:1097
Occurrence, renal proximal tubular necrosis
AOP:452Adverse outcome pathway of PM-induced respiratory toxicityRespiratory System Disease-0.09KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:460Antagonism of Smoothened receptor leading to orofacial cleftingUnclassifiedUnder Development0.11KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:463The AOP framwork on silica nanopariticles induced hepatoxicityGastrointestinal System Disease-0.09KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:472DNA adduct formation leading to kidney failureUrinary System Disease-0.11KE:1097
Occurrence, renal proximal tubular necrosis
AOP:488Increased reactive oxygen species production leading to decreased cognitive functionCognitive Disorder-0.14KE:1869
Diminished protective oxidative stress response
AOP:491Decrease, GLI1/2 target gene expression leads to orofacial cleftingUnclassifiedUnder Development0.17KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:495Androgen receptor activation leading to prostate cancerReproductive System Disease; Cancer-0.11KE:1183
Decreased, Apoptosis (Epithelial Cells)
AOP:500Activation of MEK-ERK1/2 leads to deficits in learning and cognition via ROS and apoptosisDevelopmental Disorder Of Mental Health-0.14KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:535Binding and activation of GPER leading to learning and memory impairmentsDevelopmental Disorder Of Mental Health-0.11KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:539Decreased Sodium/Potassium ATPase activity leads to Heart failureCardiovascular System Disease-0.14KE:2261
Decreased, blood plasma volume
AOP:540Oxidative Stress in the Fish Ovary Leads to Reproductive Impairment via Reduced Vitellogenin ProductionUnclassified-0.11KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:563Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) activation causes Premature Ovarian Insufficiency via Bax mediated apoptosisReproductive System Disease; Endocrine System Disease-0.17KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:569Decreased DNA methylation of FAM50B/PTCHD3 leading to IQ loss of children via PI3K-Akt pathwayDevelopmental Disorder Of Mental Health-0.17KE:2195
Increase, CNS Neural cell death

Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 2
AOPs with at least 1 AO associated with chemical, and no associated MIE
AOP Identifier AOP Title AO Classification OECD Status Coverage Score KE Identifier KE Name
AOP:40Covalent Protein binding leading to Skin SensitisationIntegumentary System DiseaseWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.2KE:827
sensitisation, skin
AOP:149Peptide Oxidation Leading to HypertensionCardiovascular System DiseaseUnder Development0.1KE:952
Hypertension
AOP:205AOP from chemical insult to cell deathUnclassified-0.17KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:279Microtubule interacting drugs lead to peripheral neuropathyNervous System Disease-0.25KE:1583
Sensory axonal peripheral neuropathy
AOP:450Inhibition of AChE and activation of CYP2E1 leading to sensory axonal peripheral neuropathy and mortalityNervous System Disease-0.14KE:1583
Sensory axonal peripheral neuropathy
AOP:532Retinoic acid receptor agonism during cerebellar development leading to impaired locomotor functionUnclassified-0.2KE:2231
Locomotor function. Impaired

Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 3
AOPs with at least 1 MIE associated with chemical, and no associated AO
AOP Identifier AOP Title AO Classification OECD Status Coverage Score KE Identifier KE Name
AOP:30Estrogen receptor antagonism leading to reproductive dysfunctionUnclassifiedUnder Review0.17KE:112
Antagonism, Estrogen receptor
AOP:298Increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer via chronic ROSCancer; Gastrointestinal System DiseaseUnder Review0.17KE:1753
Chronic reactive oxygen species
AOP:440Hypothalamus estrogen receptors activity suppression leading to ovarian cancer via ovarian epithelial cell hyperplasiaBenign Neoplasm; Endocrine System Disease; Reproductive System Disease; Reproductive System Disease; Cancer; Endocrine System DiseaseUnder Development0.11KE:1046
Suppression, Estrogen receptor (ER) activity
AOP:493ERa inactivation alters AT expansion and functions and leads to insulin resistance and metabolically unhealthy obesityAcquired Metabolic Disease-0.1KE:2126
Estrogen receptor alpha inactivation
AOP:497ERa inactivation alters mitochondrial functions and insulin signalling in skeletal muscle and leads to insulin resistance and metabolic syndromeInherited Metabolic Disorder; Disease Of Metabolism-0.12KE:2126
Estrogen receptor alpha inactivation

No associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 5
Glossary of Terms
AOP
Adverse Outcome Pathway
MIE
Molecular Initiating Event
KE
Key Event
AO
Adverse Outcome
Coverage score
The fraction of KEs within the AOP, that are mapped to the chemical-associated toxicological endpoints
Level of relevance
Qualitative rank based on the kind of associated KEs within the corresponding AOP
AO classification
The disease category corresponding to the AO in the AOP obtained from Disease Ontology
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DISCLAIMER

TICToK is a knowledgebase of chemicals found in tattoo inks, compiled from publicly available regulatory and scientific resources. The chemical classifications presented in this knowledgebase are derived from multiple publicly available resources and are provided solely for informational purposes, and they are neither authoritative nor binding. The chemical-AOP mappings compiled in this knowledgebase serve as plausible hypotheses for research, and further experimental validation is required to definitively establish these potential toxicity mechanisms. The authors bear no responsibility for any errors, omissions, or inconsistencies originating from these external sources. Users are advised to exercise independent judgment when interpreting chemical classifications and any other data provided in this resource. Importantly, our sole goal to build this resource on tattoo ink chemicals is to enable future basic research on this topic, and it does not necessarily reflect the views or objectives of our employers or funders.