FD&C Red 3
| Associated High Confidence AOPs |
|---|
Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 1
AOPs with at least 1 KE associated with chemical, where the KE(s) are neither MIE nor AO
| AOP Identifier | AOP Title | AO Classification | OECD Status | Coverage Score | KE Identifier | KE Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOP:15 | Alkylation of DNA in male pre-meiotic germ cells leading to heritable mutations | Genetic Disease | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.25 | KE:155 | Inadequate DNA repair |
| AOP:41 | Sustained AhR Activation leading to Rodent Liver Tumours | Cancer; Gastrointestinal System Disease | Under Review | 0.4 | KE:854 | Alterations, Cellular proliferation / hyperplasia |
| KE:139 | N/A, Hepatotoxicity, Hepatopathy, including a constellation of observable effects | |||||
| AOP:97 | 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT; SERT) inhibition leading to population decline | Unclassified | - | 0.1 | KE:626 | Increased, serotonin (5-HT) |
| AOP:98 | 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT; SERT) inhibition leading to decreased shelter seeking and increased predation | Unclassified | - | 0.2 | KE:626 | Increased, serotonin (5-HT) |
| AOP:110 | Inhibition of iodide pump activity leading to follicular cell adenomas and carcinomas (in rat and mouse) | Cancer; Endocrine System Disease | - | 0.14 | KE:1023 | Increased, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| AOP:119 | Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase leading to follicular cell adenomas and carcinomas (in rat and mouse) | Cancer; Endocrine System Disease | - | 0.14 | KE:1023 | Increased, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| AOP:155 | Deiodinase 2 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced posterior swim bladder inflation | Unclassified | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.17 | KE:1003 | Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) |
| AOP:156 | Deiodinase 2 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced anterior swim bladder inflation | Unclassified | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.17 | KE:1003 | Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) |
| AOP:157 | Deiodinase 1 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced posterior swim bladder inflation | Unclassified | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.17 | KE:1003 | Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) |
| AOP:158 | Deiodinase 1 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced anterior swim bladder inflation | Unclassified | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.17 | KE:1003 | Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) |
| AOP:159 | Thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced anterior swim bladder inflation | Unclassified | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.12 | KE:1003 | Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) |
| AOP:189 | Type I iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO1) inhibition leading to altered amphibian metamorphosis | Unclassified | - | 0.5 | KE:1116 | Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) in tissues |
| KE:1003 | Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) | |||||
| AOP:190 | Type II iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2) inhibition leading to altered amphibian metamorphosis | Unclassified | - | 0.33 | KE:1116 | Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) in tissues |
| KE:1023 | Increased, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | |||||
| AOP:191 | Type III iodotyrosine deiodinase (DIO3) inhibition leading to altered amphibian metamorphosis | Unclassified | - | 0.25 | KE:1154 | Increased, Triiodothyronine (T3) in tissues |
| AOP:195 | 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT) inhibition leading to population increase | Unclassified | - | 0.12 | KE:626 | Increased, serotonin (5-HT) |
| AOP:203 | 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibition leading to decreased reproductive success and population decline | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.12 | KE:626 | Increased, serotonin (5-HT) |
| AOP:204 | 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibition leading to increased reproductive success and population increase | Unclassified | - | 0.12 | KE:626 | Increased, serotonin (5-HT) |
| AOP:206 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ inactivation leading to lung fibrosis | Musculoskeletal System Disease; Respiratory System Disease | Under Development | 0.17 | KE:1271 | Activation of TGF-β signaling |
| AOP:207 | NADPH oxidase and P38 MAPK activation leading to reproductive failure in Caenorhabditis elegans | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.12 | KE:1281 | Increased, DNA Damage-Repair |
| AOP:220 | Cyp2E1 Activation Leading to Liver Cancer | Cancer; Gastrointestinal System Disease | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.4 | KE:1393 | Hepatocytotoxicity |
| KE:1394 | Induction, persistent proliferation/sustained proliferation | |||||
| AOP:272 | Deposition of energy leading to lung cancer | Cancer | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.29 | KE:155 | Inadequate DNA repair |
| KE:1636 | Increase, Chromosomal aberrations | |||||
| AOP:274 | Histone deacetylase inhibition leads to impeded craniofacial development | Musculoskeletal System Disease | - | 0.25 | KE:1558 | Collagen production, reduced |
| AOP:288 | Inhibition of 17α-hydrolase/C 10,20-lyase (Cyp17A1) activity leads to birth reproductive defects (cryptorchidism) in male (mammals) | Endocrine System Disease | - | 0.12 | KE:1614 | Decrease, androgen receptor activation |
| AOP:321 | Reduced environmental pH leading to thinner shells in Mytilus edulis | Unclassified | - | 0.09 | KE:10039 | Higher antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation |
| AOP:322 | Alkylation of DNA leading to reduced sperm count | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.2 | KE:155 | Inadequate DNA repair |
| AOP:327 | Excessive reactive oxygen species production leading to mortality (1) | Unclassified | - | 0.2 | KE:1769 | Increase, Body fluid overload |
| AOP:347 | Toll-like receptor 4 activation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inactivation leading to pulmonary fibrosis | Musculoskeletal System Disease; Respiratory System Disease | - | 0.22 | KE:1795 | Latent Transforming growth Factor beta expression |
| KE:1283 | Activation, TGF-beta pathway | |||||
| AOP:363 | Thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to altered visual function via altered retinal layer structure | Unclassified | Under Review | 0.12 | KE:1003 | Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) |
| AOP:364 | Thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to altered visual function via decreased eye size | Unclassified | Under Development | 0.12 | KE:1003 | Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) |
| AOP:365 | Thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to altered visual function via altered photoreceptor patterning | Unclassified | Under Development | 0.12 | KE:1003 | Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) |
| AOP:379 | Binding to ACE2 leading to thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation | Cardiovascular System Disease | Under Development | 0.14 | KE:1869 | Diminished protective oxidative stress response |
| AOP:397 | Bulky DNA adducts leading to mutations | Genetic Disease | Under Development | 0.33 | KE:155 | Inadequate DNA repair |
| AOP:406 | SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hyperinflammation | Unclassified | - | 0.17 | KE:1869 | Diminished protective oxidative stress response |
| AOP:414 | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation leading to lung fibrosis through TGF-β dependent fibrosis toxicity pathway | Musculoskeletal System Disease; Respiratory System Disease | - | 0.2 | KE:1920 | Altered gene expression, TGF-β dependent fibrosis pathway |
| AOP:419 | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation leading to impaired lung function through P53 toxicity pathway | Respiratory System Disease | - | 0.25 | KE:1923 | Altered gene expression, P53 dependent apoptosis pathway |
| AOP:432 | Deposition of Energy by Ionizing Radiation leading to Acute Myeloid Leukemia | Hematopoietic System Disease; Cancer | - | 0.09 | KE:155 | Inadequate DNA repair |
| AOP:439 | Activation of the AhR leading to metastatic breast cancer | Thoracic Disease; Cancer | Under Development | 0.11 | KE:1971 | Increased, tumor growth |
| AOP:441 | Ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage leads to microcephaly via apoptosis and premature cell differentiation | Congenital Nervous System Abnormality; Nervous System Disease | - | 0.14 | KE:1974 | Activation of Tumor Protein 53 |
| AOP:443 | DNA damage and mutations leading to Metastatic Breast Cancer | Thoracic Disease; Cancer | Under Development | 0.2 | KE:1554 | Increase Chromosomal Aberrations |
| KE:155 | Inadequate DNA repair | |||||
| AOP:478 | Deposition of energy leading to occurrence of cataracts | Nervous System Disease; Monogenic Disease | Under Review | 0.2 | KE:155 | Inadequate DNA repair |
| KE:1636 | Increase, Chromosomal aberrations | |||||
| AOP:488 | Increased reactive oxygen species production leading to decreased cognitive function | Cognitive Disorder | - | 0.14 | KE:1869 | Diminished protective oxidative stress response |
| AOP:495 | Androgen receptor activation leading to prostate cancer | Reproductive System Disease; Cancer | - | 0.11 | KE:854 | Alterations, Cellular proliferation / hyperplasia |
| AOP:511 | The AOP framework on ROS-mediated oxidative stress induced vascular disrupting effects | Cardiovascular System Disease | - | 0.06 | KE:2171 | Activated BMP/TGF-beta pathway |
| AOP:568 | Inhibition, 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT; SERT) leads to Inhibition, Feeding | Unclassified | - | 0.25 | KE:1320 | Increased, extracellular serotonin |
Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 2
AOPs with at least 1 AO associated with chemical, and no associated MIE
| AOP Identifier | AOP Title | AO Classification | OECD Status | Coverage Score | KE Identifier | KE Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOP:139 | Alkylation of DNA leading to cancer 1 | Cancer | - | 0.5 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
| KE:155 | Inadequate DNA repair | |||||
| AOP:296 | Oxidative DNA damage leading to chromosomal aberrations and mutations | Genetic Disease; Chromosomal Disease | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.4 | KE:155 | Inadequate DNA repair |
| KE:1636 | Increase, Chromosomal aberrations | |||||
| AOP:384 | Hyperactivation of ACE/Ang-II/AT1R axis leading to chronic kidney disease | Urinary System Disease | - | 0.17 | KE:1603 | Chronic kidney disease |
| AOP:440 | Hypothalamus estrogen receptors activity suppression leading to ovarian cancer via ovarian epithelial cell hyperplasia | Benign Neoplasm; Endocrine System Disease; Reproductive System Disease; Reproductive System Disease; Cancer; Endocrine System Disease | Under Development | 0.11 | KE:2092 | Promotion, Ovarian Cancer |
| AOP:474 | Succinate dehydrogenase inactivation leads to cancer by promoting EMT | Cancer | Under Development | 0.2 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
| AOP:498 | Increased LCN2/iron complex leading to neurological disorders | Nervous System Disease | - | 0.25 | KE:2150 | Neurological disorder |
| AOP:501 | Excessive iron accumulation leading to neurological disorders | Nervous System Disease | - | 0.25 | KE:2150 | Neurological disorder |
| AOP:505 | Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation leads to cancer via inflammation pathway | Cancer | - | 0.2 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
| AOP:513 | Reactive Oxygen (ROS) formation leads to cancer via Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway | Cancer | - | 0.2 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
| AOP:534 | Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibition leads to cancer through oxidative stress | Cancer | - | 0.17 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
| AOP:546 | Succinate dehydrogenase inactivation leads to cancer through hypoxic-like mechanisms | Cancer | - | 0.2 | KE:885 | Increase, Cancer |
Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 3
AOPs with at least 1 MIE associated with chemical, and no associated AO
| AOP Identifier | AOP Title | AO Classification | OECD Status | Coverage Score | KE Identifier | KE Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOP:7 | Aromatase (Cyp19a1) reduction leading to impaired fertility in adult female | Reproductive System Disease; Endocrine System Disease; Reproductive System Disease | Under Review | 0.2 | KE:408 | reduction in ovarian granulosa cells, Aromatase (Cyp19a1) |
| AOP:16 | Acetylcholinesterase inhibition leading to acute mortality | Unclassified | Under Development | 0.14 | KE:12 | Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition |
| AOP:19 | Androgen receptor antagonism leading to adverse effects in the male foetus (mammals) | Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.2 | KE:26 | Antagonism, Androgen receptor |
| AOP:25 | Aromatase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunction | Unclassified | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.12 | KE:36 | Inhibition, Aromatase |
| AOP:111 | Decrease in androgen receptor activity leading to Leydig cell tumors (in rat) | Cancer; Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.2 | KE:1614 | Decrease, androgen receptor activation |
| AOP:118 | Chronic cytotoxicity leading to hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas (in mouse and rat) | Cancer; Gastrointestinal System Disease | - | 0.25 | KE:786 | Increase, Cytotoxicity (hepatocytes) |
| AOP:120 | Inhibition of 5α-reductase leading to Leydig cell tumors (in rat) | Cancer; Reproductive System Disease | - | 0.2 | KE:1617 | Inhibition, 5α-reductase |
| AOP:209 | Perturbation of cholesterol and glutathione homeostasis leading to hepatotoxicity: Integrated multi-OMICS approach for building AOP | Gastrointestinal System Disease | - | 0.12 | KE:1286 | Down Regulation, GSS and GSTs gene |
| AOP:233 | Mu Opioid Receptor Agonism leading to Analgesia via K Channel Opening | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | - | 0.2 | KE:1425 | Mu Opioid Receptor Agonism |
| AOP:234 | Mu Opioid Receptor Agonism leading to Analgesia via Ca Channel Inhibition | Developmental Disorder Of Mental Health | - | 0.2 | KE:1425 | Mu Opioid Receptor Agonism |
| AOP:241 | Latent Transforming Growth Factor beta1 activation leads to pulmonary fibrosis | Musculoskeletal System Disease; Respiratory System Disease | - | 0.33 | KE:1469 | Activation, Transforming Growth Factor beta pathway |
| KE:1468 | Activation, Latent Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 | |||||
| AOP:281 | Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Leading to Neurodegeneration | Nervous System Disease | - | 0.1 | KE:12 | Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition |
| AOP:289 | Inhibition of 5α-reductase leading to impaired fecundity in female fish | Unclassified | Under Development | 0.17 | KE:1617 | Inhibition, 5α-reductase |
| AOP:298 | Increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer via chronic ROS | Cancer; Gastrointestinal System Disease | Under Review | 0.17 | KE:1753 | Chronic reactive oxygen species |
| AOP:305 | 5α-reductase inhibition leading to short anogenital distance (AGD) in male (mammalian) offspring | Unclassified | Under Development | 0.4 | KE:1617 | Inhibition, 5α-reductase |
| KE:1614 | Decrease, androgen receptor activation | |||||
| AOP:306 | Androgen receptor (AR) antagonism leading to short anogenital distance (AGD) in male (mammalian) offspring | Unclassified | Under Development | 0.5 | KE:1614 | Decrease, androgen receptor activation |
| KE:26 | Antagonism, Androgen receptor | |||||
| AOP:312 | Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition leading to Acute Mortality via Impaired Coordination & Movement | Unclassified | - | 0.17 | KE:12 | Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition |
| AOP:344 | Androgen receptor (AR) antagonism leading to nipple retention (NR) in male (mammalian) offspring | Unclassified | Under Development | 0.5 | KE:1614 | Decrease, androgen receptor activation |
| KE:26 | Antagonism, Androgen receptor | |||||
| AOP:345 | Androgen receptor (AR) antagonism leading to decreased fertility in females | Endocrine System Disease; Reproductive System Disease; Reproductive System Disease | Under Development | 0.33 | KE:1614 | Decrease, androgen receptor activation |
| KE:26 | Antagonism, Androgen receptor | |||||
| AOP:346 | Aromatase inhibition leads to male-biased sex ratio via impacts on gonad differentiation | Unclassified | WPHA/WNT Endorsed | 0.2 | KE:36 | Inhibition, Aromatase |
| AOP:372 | Androgen receptor antagonism leading to testicular cancer | Endocrine System Disease; Reproductive System Disease; Cancer | - | 0.4 | KE:1614 | Decrease, androgen receptor activation |
| KE:26 | Antagonism, Androgen receptor | |||||
| AOP:405 | Organo-Phosphate Chemicals induced inhibition of AChE leading to impaired cognitive function | Cognitive Disorder | - | 0.2 | KE:12 | Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition |
| AOP:450 | Inhibition of AChE and activation of CYP2E1 leading to sensory axonal peripheral neuropathy and mortality | Nervous System Disease | - | 0.14 | KE:12 | Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition |
| AOP:477 | Androgen receptor (AR) antagonism leading to hypospadias in male (mammalian) offspring | Physical Disorder | - | 0.67 | KE:1614 | Decrease, androgen receptor activation |
| KE:26 | Antagonism, Androgen receptor | |||||
| AOP:549 | Aromatase inhibition leads to reproductive toxicity (including growth and developmental toxicity) in adult female zebrafish | Unclassified | - | 0.12 | KE:36 | Inhibition, Aromatase |
| AOP:559 | Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leading to arrhythmias | Symptom | - | 0.2 | KE:12 | Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition |
No associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 5
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DISCLAIMER
TICToK is a knowledgebase of chemicals found in tattoo inks, compiled from publicly available regulatory and scientific resources. The chemical classifications presented in this knowledgebase are derived from multiple publicly available resources and are provided solely for informational purposes, and they are neither authoritative nor binding. The chemical-AOP mappings compiled in this knowledgebase serve as plausible hypotheses for research, and further experimental validation is required to definitively establish these potential toxicity mechanisms. The authors bear no responsibility for any errors, omissions, or inconsistencies originating from these external sources. Users are advised to exercise independent judgment when interpreting chemical classifications and any other data provided in this resource. Importantly, our sole goal to build this resource on tattoo ink chemicals is to enable future basic research on this topic, and it does not necessarily reflect the views or objectives of our employers or funders.