FD&C Red 3

FD&C Red 3



Associated High Confidence AOPs
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Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 1
AOP Identifier AOP Title AO Classification OECD Status Coverage Score KE Identifier KE Name
AOP:15Alkylation of DNA in male pre-meiotic germ cells leading to heritable mutationsGenetic DiseaseWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.25KE:155Inadequate DNA repair
AOP:41Sustained AhR Activation leading to Rodent Liver TumoursCancer; Gastrointestinal System DiseaseUnder Review0.4KE:854Alterations, Cellular proliferation / hyperplasia
KE:139N/A, Hepatotoxicity, Hepatopathy, including a constellation of observable effects
AOP:975-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT; SERT) inhibition leading to population declineUnclassified-0.1KE:626Increased, serotonin (5-HT)
AOP:985-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT; SERT) inhibition leading to decreased shelter seeking and increased predationUnclassified-0.2KE:626Increased, serotonin (5-HT)
AOP:110Inhibition of iodide pump activity leading to follicular cell adenomas and carcinomas (in rat and mouse)Cancer; Endocrine System Disease-0.14KE:1023Increased, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
AOP:119Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase leading to follicular cell adenomas and carcinomas (in rat and mouse)Cancer; Endocrine System Disease-0.14KE:1023Increased, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
AOP:155Deiodinase 2 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced posterior swim bladder inflationUnclassifiedWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.17KE:1003Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3)
AOP:156Deiodinase 2 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced anterior swim bladder inflationUnclassifiedWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.17KE:1003Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3)
AOP:157Deiodinase 1 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced posterior swim bladder inflationUnclassifiedWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.17KE:1003Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3)
AOP:158Deiodinase 1 inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced anterior swim bladder inflationUnclassifiedWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.17KE:1003Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3)
AOP:159Thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to increased mortality via reduced anterior swim bladder inflationUnclassifiedWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.12KE:1003Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3)
AOP:189Type I iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO1) inhibition leading to altered amphibian metamorphosisUnclassified-0.5KE:1116Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) in tissues
KE:1003Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3)
AOP:190Type II iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2) inhibition leading to altered amphibian metamorphosisUnclassified-0.33KE:1116Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) in tissues
KE:1023Increased, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
AOP:191Type III iodotyrosine deiodinase (DIO3) inhibition leading to altered amphibian metamorphosisUnclassified-0.25KE:1154Increased, Triiodothyronine (T3) in tissues
AOP:1955-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT) inhibition leading to population increaseUnclassified-0.12KE:626Increased, serotonin (5-HT)
AOP:2035-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibition leading to decreased reproductive success and population declineReproductive System Disease-0.12KE:626Increased, serotonin (5-HT)
AOP:2045-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibition leading to increased reproductive success and population increaseUnclassified-0.12KE:626Increased, serotonin (5-HT)
AOP:206Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ inactivation leading to lung fibrosisMusculoskeletal System Disease; Respiratory System DiseaseUnder Development0.17KE:1271Activation of TGF-β signaling
AOP:207NADPH oxidase and P38 MAPK activation leading to reproductive failure in Caenorhabditis elegansReproductive System Disease-0.12KE:1281Increased, DNA Damage-Repair
AOP:220Cyp2E1 Activation Leading to Liver CancerCancer; Gastrointestinal System DiseaseWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.4KE:1393Hepatocytotoxicity
KE:1394Induction, persistent proliferation/sustained proliferation
AOP:272Deposition of energy leading to lung cancerCancerWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.29KE:155Inadequate DNA repair
KE:1636Increase, Chromosomal aberrations
AOP:274Histone deacetylase inhibition leads to impeded craniofacial developmentMusculoskeletal System Disease-0.25KE:1558Collagen production, reduced
AOP:288Inhibition of 17α-hydrolase/C 10,20-lyase (Cyp17A1) activity leads to birth reproductive defects (cryptorchidism) in male (mammals)Endocrine System Disease-0.12KE:1614Decrease, androgen receptor activation
AOP:321Reduced environmental pH leading to thinner shells in Mytilus edulisUnclassified-0.09KE:10039Higher antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation
AOP:322Alkylation of DNA leading to reduced sperm countReproductive System Disease-0.2KE:155Inadequate DNA repair
AOP:327Excessive reactive oxygen species production leading to mortality (1)Unclassified-0.2KE:1769Increase, Body fluid overload
AOP:347Toll-like receptor 4 activation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inactivation leading to pulmonary fibrosisMusculoskeletal System Disease; Respiratory System Disease-0.22KE:1795Latent Transforming growth Factor beta expression
KE:1283Activation, TGF-beta pathway
AOP:363Thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to altered visual function via altered retinal layer structureUnclassifiedUnder Review0.12KE:1003Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3)
AOP:364Thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to altered visual function via decreased eye sizeUnclassifiedUnder Development0.12KE:1003Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3)
AOP:365Thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to altered visual function via altered photoreceptor patterningUnclassifiedUnder Development0.12KE:1003Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3)
AOP:379Binding to ACE2 leading to thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulationCardiovascular System DiseaseUnder Development0.14KE:1869Diminished protective oxidative stress response
AOP:397Bulky DNA adducts leading to mutationsGenetic DiseaseUnder Development0.33KE:155Inadequate DNA repair
AOP:406SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hyperinflammationUnclassified-0.17KE:1869Diminished protective oxidative stress response
AOP:414Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation leading to lung fibrosis through TGF-β dependent fibrosis toxicity pathwayMusculoskeletal System Disease; Respiratory System Disease-0.2KE:1920Altered gene expression, TGF-β dependent fibrosis pathway
AOP:419Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation leading to impaired lung function through P53 toxicity pathwayRespiratory System Disease-0.25KE:1923Altered gene expression, P53 dependent apoptosis pathway
AOP:432Deposition of Energy by Ionizing Radiation leading to Acute Myeloid LeukemiaHematopoietic System Disease; Cancer-0.09KE:155Inadequate DNA repair
AOP:439Activation of the AhR leading to metastatic breast cancerThoracic Disease; CancerUnder Development0.11KE:1971Increased, tumor growth
AOP:441Ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage leads to microcephaly via apoptosis and premature cell differentiationCongenital Nervous System Abnormality; Nervous System Disease-0.14KE:1974Activation of Tumor Protein 53
AOP:443DNA damage and mutations leading to Metastatic Breast CancerThoracic Disease; CancerUnder Development0.2KE:1554Increase Chromosomal Aberrations
KE:155Inadequate DNA repair
AOP:478Deposition of energy leading to occurrence of cataractsNervous System Disease; Monogenic DiseaseUnder Review0.2KE:155Inadequate DNA repair
KE:1636Increase, Chromosomal aberrations
AOP:488Increased reactive oxygen species production leading to decreased cognitive functionCognitive Disorder-0.14KE:1869Diminished protective oxidative stress response
AOP:495Androgen receptor activation leading to prostate cancerReproductive System Disease; Cancer-0.11KE:854Alterations, Cellular proliferation / hyperplasia
AOP:511The AOP framework on ROS-mediated oxidative stress induced vascular disrupting effectsCardiovascular System Disease-0.06KE:2171Activated BMP/TGF-beta pathway
AOP:568Inhibition, 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT; SERT) leads to Inhibition, FeedingUnclassified-0.25KE:1320Increased, extracellular serotonin

Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 2
AOP Identifier AOP Title AO Classification OECD Status Coverage Score KE Identifier KE Name
AOP:139Alkylation of DNA leading to cancer 1Cancer-0.5KE:885Increase, Cancer
KE:155Inadequate DNA repair
AOP:296Oxidative DNA damage leading to chromosomal aberrations and mutationsGenetic Disease; Chromosomal DiseaseWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.4KE:155Inadequate DNA repair
KE:1636Increase, Chromosomal aberrations
AOP:384Hyperactivation of ACE/Ang-II/AT1R axis leading to chronic kidney diseaseUrinary System Disease-0.17KE:1603Chronic kidney disease
AOP:440Hypothalamus estrogen receptors activity suppression leading to ovarian cancer via ovarian epithelial cell hyperplasiaBenign Neoplasm; Endocrine System Disease; Reproductive System Disease; Reproductive System Disease; Cancer; Endocrine System DiseaseUnder Development0.11KE:2092Promotion, Ovarian Cancer
AOP:474Succinate dehydrogenase inactivation leads to cancer by promoting EMTCancerUnder Development0.2KE:885Increase, Cancer
AOP:498Increased LCN2/iron complex leading to neurological disordersNervous System Disease-0.25KE:2150Neurological disorder
AOP:501Excessive iron accumulation leading to neurological disordersNervous System Disease-0.25KE:2150Neurological disorder
AOP:505Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation leads to cancer via inflammation pathwayCancer-0.2KE:885Increase, Cancer
AOP:513Reactive Oxygen (ROS) formation leads to cancer via Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR) pathwayCancer-0.2KE:885Increase, Cancer
AOP:534Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibition leads to cancer through oxidative stressCancer-0.17KE:885Increase, Cancer
AOP:546Succinate dehydrogenase inactivation leads to cancer through hypoxic-like mechanismsCancer-0.2KE:885Increase, Cancer

Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 3
AOP Identifier AOP Title AO Classification OECD Status Coverage Score KE Identifier KE Name
AOP:7Aromatase (Cyp19a1) reduction leading to impaired fertility in adult femaleReproductive System Disease; Endocrine System Disease; Reproductive System DiseaseUnder Review0.2KE:408reduction in ovarian granulosa cells, Aromatase (Cyp19a1)
AOP:16Acetylcholinesterase inhibition leading to acute mortalityUnclassifiedUnder Development0.14KE:12Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition
AOP:19Androgen receptor antagonism leading to adverse effects in the male foetus (mammals)Reproductive System Disease-0.2KE:26Antagonism, Androgen receptor
AOP:25Aromatase inhibition leading to reproductive dysfunctionUnclassifiedWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.12KE:36Inhibition, Aromatase
AOP:111Decrease in androgen receptor activity leading to Leydig cell tumors (in rat)Cancer; Reproductive System Disease-0.2KE:1614Decrease, androgen receptor activation
AOP:118Chronic cytotoxicity leading to hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas (in mouse and rat)Cancer; Gastrointestinal System Disease-0.25KE:786Increase, Cytotoxicity (hepatocytes)
AOP:120Inhibition of 5α-reductase leading to Leydig cell tumors (in rat)Cancer; Reproductive System Disease-0.2KE:1617Inhibition, 5α-reductase
AOP:209Perturbation of cholesterol and glutathione homeostasis leading to hepatotoxicity: Integrated multi-OMICS approach for building AOPGastrointestinal System Disease-0.12KE:1286Down Regulation, GSS and GSTs gene
AOP:233Mu Opioid Receptor Agonism leading to Analgesia via K Channel OpeningDevelopmental Disorder Of Mental Health-0.2KE:1425Mu Opioid Receptor Agonism
AOP:234Mu Opioid Receptor Agonism leading to Analgesia via Ca Channel InhibitionDevelopmental Disorder Of Mental Health-0.2KE:1425Mu Opioid Receptor Agonism
AOP:241Latent Transforming Growth Factor beta1 activation leads to pulmonary fibrosisMusculoskeletal System Disease; Respiratory System Disease-0.33KE:1469Activation, Transforming Growth Factor beta pathway
KE:1468Activation, Latent Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1
AOP:281Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Leading to NeurodegenerationNervous System Disease-0.1KE:12Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition
AOP:289Inhibition of 5α-reductase leading to impaired fecundity in female fishUnclassifiedUnder Development0.17KE:1617Inhibition, 5α-reductase
AOP:298Increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer via chronic ROSCancer; Gastrointestinal System DiseaseUnder Review0.17KE:1753Chronic reactive oxygen species
AOP:3055α-reductase inhibition leading to short anogenital distance (AGD) in male (mammalian) offspringUnclassifiedUnder Development0.4KE:1617Inhibition, 5α-reductase
KE:1614Decrease, androgen receptor activation
AOP:306Androgen receptor (AR) antagonism leading to short anogenital distance (AGD) in male (mammalian) offspringUnclassifiedUnder Development0.5KE:1614Decrease, androgen receptor activation
KE:26Antagonism, Androgen receptor
AOP:312Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition leading to Acute Mortality via Impaired Coordination & Movement​Unclassified-0.17KE:12Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition
AOP:344Androgen receptor (AR) antagonism leading to nipple retention (NR) in male (mammalian) offspringUnclassifiedUnder Development0.5KE:1614Decrease, androgen receptor activation
KE:26Antagonism, Androgen receptor
AOP:345Androgen receptor (AR) antagonism leading to decreased fertility in femalesEndocrine System Disease; Reproductive System Disease; Reproductive System DiseaseUnder Development0.33KE:1614Decrease, androgen receptor activation
KE:26Antagonism, Androgen receptor
AOP:346Aromatase inhibition leads to male-biased sex ratio via impacts on gonad differentiationUnclassifiedWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.2KE:36Inhibition, Aromatase
AOP:372Androgen receptor antagonism leading to testicular cancerEndocrine System Disease; Reproductive System Disease; Cancer-0.4KE:1614Decrease, androgen receptor activation
KE:26Antagonism, Androgen receptor
AOP:405Organo-Phosphate Chemicals induced inhibition of AChE leading to impaired cognitive functionCognitive Disorder-0.2KE:12Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition
AOP:450Inhibition of AChE and activation of CYP2E1 leading to sensory axonal peripheral neuropathy and mortalityNervous System Disease-0.14KE:12Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition
AOP:477Androgen receptor (AR) antagonism leading to hypospadias in male (mammalian) offspringPhysical Disorder-0.67KE:1614Decrease, androgen receptor activation
KE:26Antagonism, Androgen receptor
AOP:549Aromatase inhibition leads to reproductive toxicity (including growth and developmental toxicity) in adult female zebrafishUnclassified-0.12KE:36Inhibition, Aromatase
AOP:559Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leading to arrhythmiasSymptom-0.2KE:12Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition

No associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 5
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TICToK is a database of tattoo ink chemicals compiled from different regulatory resources. The authors are not liable for any inaccuracies or omissions of any chemicals in this resource. Importantly, our sole goal to build this resource on tattoo ink chemicals is to enable future basic research on this topic, and it does not necessarily reflect the views or objectives of our employers or funders.