Antimony

Antimony



Associated High Confidence AOPs
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Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 1
AOPs with at least 1 KE associated with chemical, where the KE(s) are neither MIE nor AO
AOP Identifier AOP Title AO Classification OECD Status Coverage Score KE Identifier KE Name
AOP:41Sustained AhR Activation leading to Rodent Liver TumoursCancer; Gastrointestinal System DiseaseUnder Review0.2KE:853
Changes/Inhibition, Cellular Homeostasis and Apoptosis
AOP:48Binding of agonists to ionotropic glutamate receptors in adult brain causes excitotoxicity that mediates neuronal cell death, contributing to learning and memory impairment.Developmental Disorder Of Mental HealthWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.11KE:352
N/A, Neurodegeneration
AOP:64Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) Mediated Adult Leydig Cell Dysfunction Leading to Decreased Male FertilityReproductive System Disease-0.14KE:496
Increased apoptosis, decreased fetal/adult Leydig Cells
AOP:207NADPH oxidase and P38 MAPK activation leading to reproductive failure in Caenorhabditis elegansReproductive System Disease-0.12KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:212Histone deacetylase inhibition leading to testicular atrophyReproductive System DiseaseWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.17KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:220Cyp2E1 Activation Leading to Liver CancerCancer; Gastrointestinal System DiseaseWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.2KE:1394
Induction, persistent proliferation/sustained proliferation
AOP:286Mitochondrial complex III antagonism leading to growth inhibition (1)Unclassified-0.25KE:1821
Decrease, Cell proliferation
AOP:290Mitochondrial ATP synthase antagonism leading to growth inhibition (1)Unclassified-0.25KE:1821
Decrease, Cell proliferation
AOP:320Binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 receptor leading to acute respiratory distress associated mortalityUnclassifiedUnder Development0.11KE:1750
Increased inflammatory immune responses
AOP:331Excessive reactive oxygen species leading to growth inhibition via oxidative DNA damage and reduced cell proliferationUnclassified-0.17KE:1821
Decrease, Cell proliferation
AOP:332Excessive reactive oxygen species leading to growth inhibition via lipid peroxidation and reduced cell proliferationUnclassified-0.2KE:1821
Decrease, Cell proliferation
AOP:333Excessive reactive oxygen species leading to growth inhibition via uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylationUnclassified-0.4KE:1821
Decrease, Cell proliferation
KE:1446
Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation
AOP:374Binding of Sars-CoV-2 spike protein to ACE 2 receptors expressed on brain cells (neuronal and non-neuronal) leads to neuroinflammation resulting in encephalitisNervous System DiseaseUnder Development0.25KE:352
N/A, Neurodegeneration
AOP:379Binding to ACE2 leading to thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulationCardiovascular System DiseaseUnder Development0.14KE:1869
Diminished protective oxidative stress response
AOP:399Inhibition of Fyna leading to increased mortality via decreased eye size (Microphthalmos)Unclassified-0.12KE:1821
Decrease, Cell proliferation
AOP:406SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hyperinflammationUnclassified-0.17KE:1869
Diminished protective oxidative stress response
AOP:419Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation leading to impaired lung function through P53 toxicity pathwayRespiratory System Disease-0.25KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:439Activation of the AhR leading to metastatic breast cancerThoracic Disease; CancerUnder Development0.11KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:441Ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage leads to microcephaly via apoptosis and premature cell differentiationCongenital Nervous System Abnormality; Nervous System Disease-0.14KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:446PM-related Adverse outcome pathway frameworks on various systemsRespiratory System Disease-0.05KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:447Kidney failure induced by inhibition of mitochondrial electron transfer chain through apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress pathwaysUrinary System Disease-0.08KE:1097
Occurrence, renal proximal tubular necrosis
AOP:450Inhibition of AChE and activation of CYP2E1 leading to sensory axonal peripheral neuropathy and mortalityNervous System Disease-0.14KE:352
N/A, Neurodegeneration
AOP:452Adverse outcome pathway of PM-induced respiratory toxicityRespiratory System Disease-0.09KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:460Antagonism of Smoothened receptor leading to orofacial cleftingUnclassifiedUnder Development0.22KE:1821
Decrease, Cell proliferation
KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:463The AOP framwork on silica nanopariticles induced hepatoxicityGastrointestinal System Disease-0.09KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:472DNA adduct formation leading to kidney failureUrinary System Disease-0.11KE:1097
Occurrence, renal proximal tubular necrosis
AOP:488Increased reactive oxygen species production leading to decreased cognitive functionCognitive Disorder-0.14KE:1869
Diminished protective oxidative stress response
AOP:491Decrease, GLI1/2 target gene expression leads to orofacial cleftingUnclassifiedUnder Development0.33KE:1821
Decrease, Cell proliferation
KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:493ERa inactivation alters AT expansion and functions and leads to insulin resistance and metabolically unhealthy obesityAcquired Metabolic Disease-0.1KE:2119
Insulin resistance, increased
AOP:500Activation of MEK-ERK1/2 leads to deficits in learning and cognition via ROS and apoptosisDevelopmental Disorder Of Mental Health-0.29KE:1262
Apoptosis
KE:352
N/A, Neurodegeneration
AOP:535Binding and activation of GPER leading to learning and memory impairmentsDevelopmental Disorder Of Mental Health-0.11KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:540Oxidative Stress in the Fish Ovary Leads to Reproductive Impairment via Reduced Vitellogenin ProductionUnclassified-0.11KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:563Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) activation causes Premature Ovarian Insufficiency via Bax mediated apoptosisReproductive System Disease; Endocrine System Disease-0.17KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:569Decreased DNA methylation of FAM50B/PTCHD3 leading to IQ loss of children via PI3K-Akt pathwayDevelopmental Disorder Of Mental Health-0.17KE:2195
Increase, CNS Neural cell death

Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 2
AOPs with at least 1 AO associated with chemical, and no associated MIE
AOP Identifier AOP Title AO Classification OECD Status Coverage Score KE Identifier KE Name
AOP:12Chronic binding of antagonist to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) during brain development leads to neurodegeneration with impairment in learning and memory in agingNervous System Disease; Developmental Disorder Of Mental HealthWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.12KE:352
N/A, Neurodegeneration
AOP:139Alkylation of DNA leading to cancer 1Cancer-0.25KE:885
Increase, Cancer
AOP:205AOP from chemical insult to cell deathUnclassified-0.17KE:1262
Apoptosis
AOP:260CYP2E1 activation and formation of protein adducts leading to neurodegenerationNervous System Disease-0.14KE:1514
Neurodegeneration
AOP:281Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Leading to NeurodegenerationNervous System Disease-0.1KE:352
N/A, Neurodegeneration
AOP:431Increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) leading to increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)Inherited Metabolic Disorder-0.2KE:1953
Gestational diabetes mellitus
AOP:457Succinate dehydrogenase inhibition leading to increased insulin resistance through reduction in circulating thyroxineInherited Metabolic Disorder-0.17KE:2119
Insulin resistance, increased
AOP:474Succinate dehydrogenase inactivation leads to cancer by promoting EMTCancerUnder Development0.2KE:885
Increase, Cancer
AOP:495Androgen receptor activation leading to prostate cancerReproductive System Disease; Cancer-0.22KE:1183
Decreased, Apoptosis (Epithelial Cells)
KE:2135
Prostate cancer
AOP:497ERa inactivation alters mitochondrial functions and insulin signalling in skeletal muscle and leads to insulin resistance and metabolic syndromeInherited Metabolic Disorder; Disease Of Metabolism-0.12KE:2119
Insulin resistance, increased
AOP:498Increased LCN2/iron complex leading to neurological disordersNervous System Disease-0.5KE:191
Neuronal dysfunction
KE:2150
Neurological disorder
AOP:501Excessive iron accumulation leading to neurological disordersNervous System Disease-0.25KE:2150
Neurological disorder
AOP:505Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation leads to cancer via inflammation pathwayCancer-0.2KE:885
Increase, Cancer
AOP:513Reactive Oxygen (ROS) formation leads to cancer via Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR) pathwayCancer-0.2KE:885
Increase, Cancer
AOP:534Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibition leads to cancer through oxidative stressCancer-0.33KE:885
Increase, Cancer
KE:1446
Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation
AOP:546Succinate dehydrogenase inactivation leads to cancer through hypoxic-like mechanismsCancer-0.2KE:885
Increase, Cancer

Associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 3
AOPs with at least 1 MIE associated with chemical, and no associated AO
AOP Identifier AOP Title AO Classification OECD Status Coverage Score KE Identifier KE Name
AOP:263Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via decreased cell proliferationUnclassifiedWPHA/WNT Endorsed0.5KE:1821
Decrease, Cell proliferation
KE:1446
Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation
AOP:264Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via ATP depletion associated cell deathUnclassifiedUnder Development0.25KE:1446
Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation
AOP:265Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via increased cytosolic calciumUnclassifiedUnder Development0.25KE:1446
Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation
AOP:266Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via decreased Na-K ATPase activityUnclassifiedUnder Development0.17KE:1446
Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation
AOP:267Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via glucose depletionUnclassifiedUnder Development0.4KE:1821
Decrease, Cell proliferation
KE:1446
Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation
AOP:268Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to growth inhibition via mitochondrial swellingUnclassifiedUnder Development0.25KE:1446
Decrease, Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation
AOP:298Increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer via chronic ROSCancer; Gastrointestinal System DiseaseUnder Review0.17KE:1753
Chronic reactive oxygen species

No associated AOPs with Level of Relevance 5
Glossary of Terms
AOP
Adverse Outcome Pathway
MIE
Molecular Initiating Event
KE
Key Event
AO
Adverse Outcome
Coverage score
The fraction of KEs within the AOP, that are mapped to the chemical-associated toxicological endpoints
Level of relevance
Qualitative rank based on the kind of associated KEs within the corresponding AOP
AO classification
The disease category corresponding to the AO in the AOP obtained from Disease Ontology
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DISCLAIMER

TICToK is a knowledgebase of chemicals found in tattoo inks, compiled from publicly available regulatory and scientific resources. The chemical classifications presented in this knowledgebase are derived from multiple publicly available resources and are provided solely for informational purposes, and they are neither authoritative nor binding. The chemical-AOP mappings compiled in this knowledgebase serve as plausible hypotheses for research, and further experimental validation is required to definitively establish these potential toxicity mechanisms. The authors bear no responsibility for any errors, omissions, or inconsistencies originating from these external sources. Users are advised to exercise independent judgment when interpreting chemical classifications and any other data provided in this resource. Importantly, our sole goal to build this resource on tattoo ink chemicals is to enable future basic research on this topic, and it does not necessarily reflect the views or objectives of our employers or funders.