Metformin


Curated chemical-phenotype interactions from CTD
GO IDGO nameInteraction typeReference
GO:0000045 Autophagosome assembly Increases phenotype PMID:25412314; PMID:34801538
GO:0000050 Urea cycle Increases phenotype PMID:29614383
GO:0000080 Mitotic g1 phase Increases phenotype PMID:25412314; PMID:29117515; PMID:35199402
GO:0000084 Mitotic s phase Decreases phenotype PMID:25412314; PMID:29117515
GO:0000086 G2/m transition of mitotic cell cycle Affects phenotype PMID:35199402
GO:0000423 Mitophagy Affects phenotype PMID:36592823
GO:0001525 Angiogenesis Decreases phenotype PMID:23653852
GO:0001659 Temperature homeostasis Decreases phenotype PMID:32652086
GO:0001821 Histamine secretion Increases phenotype PMID:36547818
GO:0001836 Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria Increases phenotype PMID:34649470
GO:0001937 Negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation Affects phenotype PMID:22246099
GO:0002523 Leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response Increases phenotype PMID:29859833; PMID:36547818; PMID:39746502
GO:0003084 Positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure Increases phenotype PMID:27551045
GO:0003094 Glomerular filtration Increases phenotype PMID:8636369
GO:0003887 Dna-directed dna polymerase activity Increases phenotype PMID:29185360
GO:0003989 Acetyl-coa carboxylase activity Increases phenotype PMID:39746502
GO:0004021 L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity Increases phenotype PMID:39746502
GO:0004032 Alditol:nadp+ 1-oxidoreductase activity Increases phenotype PMID:30958922
GO:0004035 Alkaline phosphatase activity Increases phenotype PMID:29614383; PMID:37409753
GO:0004069 L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity Increases phenotype PMID:29614383; PMID:39746502
GO:0004096 Catalase activity Decreases phenotype PMID:38284084; PMID:39986364
GO:0004111 Creatine kinase activity Increases phenotype PMID:22666520; PMID:26818447
GO:0004312 Fatty acid synthase activity Increases phenotype PMID:39746502
GO:0004345 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity Decreases phenotype PMID:38284084
GO:0004346 Glucose-6-phosphatase activity Increases phenotype PMID:22492524; PMID:33823243; PMID:38284084
GO:0004364 Glutathione transferase activity Decreases phenotype PMID:38602238; PMID:39986364
GO:0004396 Hexokinase activity Increases phenotype PMID:38284084
GO:0004407 Histone deacetylase activity Increases phenotype PMID:27270450
GO:0004457 Lactate dehydrogenase activity Increases phenotype PMID:22666520; PMID:26818447
GO:0004602 Glutathione peroxidase activity Decreases phenotype PMID:24001619; PMID:24717679; PMID:29185360; PMID:30742852; PMID:30958922; PMID:33639173; PMID:35414346; PMID:38284084; PMID:39986364
GO:0004679 Amp-activated protein kinase activity Affects phenotype PMID:25412314; PMID:27551045; PMID:28096963; PMID:28576465; PMID:30290168; PMID:31974165; PMID:32298659; PMID:33838154; PMID:39746502
GO:0004784 Superoxide dismutase activity Affects phenotype PMID:24001619; PMID:24717679; PMID:29185360; PMID:30144576; PMID:30742852; PMID:30958922; PMID:33639173; PMID:34649470; PMID:35414346; PMID:38284084; PMID:38602238; PMID:39986364
GO:0005776 Autophagosome Increases phenotype PMID:34801538
GO:0005977 Glycogen metabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:31877369; PMID:33651899; PMID:33823243
GO:0006006 Glucose metabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:27566243; PMID:31974165; PMID:36592823
GO:0006061 Sorbitol biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:30144576
GO:0006072 Glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0006094 Gluconeogenesis Increases phenotype PMID:22492524; PMID:33844015
GO:0006096 Glycolytic process Increases phenotype PMID:24886082; PMID:31078745
GO:0006099 Tricarboxylic acid cycle Decreases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0006116 Nadh oxidation Decreases phenotype PMID:29095437
GO:0006172 Adp biosynthetic process Affects phenotype PMID:24687991
GO:0006520 Amino acid metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:37759824
GO:0006631 Fatty acid metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:37337224; PMID:39746502; PMID:39986364
GO:0006641 Triglyceride metabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:31877369; PMID:33021114; PMID:36375515; PMID:36529352; PMID:36592823; PMID:36764371; PMID:36999408; PMID:37337224; PMID:39746502; PMID:39746502; PMID:39986364
GO:0006644 Phospholipid metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:39986364
GO:0006695 Cholesterol biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:27270450; PMID:29499335; PMID:31743741
GO:0006739 Nadp metabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0006749 Glutathione metabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:26818447; PMID:30551545; PMID:33639173; PMID:33823243; PMID:35199402; PMID:35414346
GO:0006750 Glutathione biosynthetic process Affects phenotype PMID:24001619; PMID:24717679; PMID:29499335; PMID:30144576; PMID:30385301; PMID:30958922
GO:0006754 Atp biosynthetic process Decreases phenotype PMID:24687991; PMID:26036281
GO:0006855 Xenobiotic transmembrane transport Decreases phenotype PMID:28414026
GO:0006874 Cellular calcium ion homeostasis Affects phenotype PMID:36764371
GO:0006914 Autophagy Increases phenotype PMID:16990266; PMID:25412314; PMID:33021114; PMID:35350904; PMID:36592823
GO:0006915 Apoptotic process Increases phenotype PMID:24946264; PMID:29309887; PMID:30144576; PMID:33476677; PMID:35199402; PMID:35350904; PMID:37046073
GO:0006939 Smooth muscle contraction Increases phenotype PMID:36547818
GO:0006954 Inflammatory response Increases phenotype PMID:31877369; PMID:34058177; PMID:36999408
GO:0007005 Mitochondrion organization Decreases phenotype PMID:22666520; PMID:36764371; PMID:37337224
GO:0007204 Positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration Increases phenotype PMID:29426000
GO:0007346 Regulation of mitotic cell cycle Affects phenotype PMID:29117515
GO:0007588 Excretion Affects phenotype PMID:38280639
GO:0008184 Glycogen phosphorylase activity Increases phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:0008203 Cholesterol metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:31877369; PMID:33021114; PMID:33639173; PMID:34058177; PMID:36592823; PMID:36999408; PMID:37337224; PMID:39746502; PMID:39986364
GO:0008206 Bile acid metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:34058177
GO:0008217 Regulation of blood pressure Decreases phenotype PMID:1900072; PMID:8783782
GO:0008219 Cell death Increases phenotype PMID:26384349; PMID:30144576; PMID:33147367; PMID:35199402
GO:0008253 5'-nucleotidase activity Decreases phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:0008283 Cell population proliferation Affects phenotype PMID:24886082; PMID:25497710; PMID:26317792; PMID:35350904; PMID:29309887; PMID:35350904
GO:0008284 Positive regulation of cell population proliferation Affects phenotype PMID:28576465; PMID:37314160
GO:0008285 Negative regulation of cell population proliferation Increases phenotype PMID:29426000; PMID:33838154; PMID:35568294
GO:0008361 Regulation of cell size Affects phenotype PMID:27270450
GO:0008443 Phosphofructokinase activity Decreases phenotype PMID:38284084
GO:0008610 Lipid biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:29499335
GO:0010506 Regulation of autophagy Affects phenotype PMID:29426000
GO:0010596 Negative regulation of endothelial cell migration Affects phenotype PMID:22246099
GO:0010659 Cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process Increases phenotype PMID:28106847
GO:0010799 Regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation Increases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0010800 Positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation Decreases phenotype PMID:27551045
GO:0010918 Positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential Decreases phenotype PMID:29426000
GO:0010923 Negative regulation of phosphatase activity Affects phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:0010983 Positive regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance Increases phenotype PMID:38284084
GO:0010989 Negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance Increases phenotype PMID:38284084
GO:0014067 Negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Increases phenotype PMID:38479708
GO:0016042 Lipid catabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:28259689; PMID:29499335; PMID:30144576; PMID:30742852; PMID:30958922; PMID:33639173
GO:0016049 Cell growth Decreases phenotype PMID:30144576
GO:0016160 Amylase activity Increases phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:0016477 Cell migration Decreases phenotype PMID:23653852
GO:0016887 Atp hydrolysis activity Decreases phenotype PMID:30958922
GO:0018158 Protein oxidation Affects phenotype PMID:30144576; PMID:35199402; PMID:35414346; PMID:36764371; PMID:39275926
GO:0019249 Lactate biosynthetic process Affects phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0019432 Triglyceride biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:27270450; PMID:31743741
GO:0019682 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0019852 L-ascorbic acid metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:22627169
GO:0020027 Hemoglobin metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:37759824
GO:0030099 Myeloid cell differentiation Increases phenotype PMID:26036281
GO:0030154 Cell differentiation Increases phenotype PMID:19594306
GO:0030199 Collagen fibril organization Increases phenotype PMID:29380373
GO:0030225 Macrophage differentiation Increases phenotype PMID:26036281
GO:0030263 Apoptotic chromosome condensation Increases phenotype PMID:35414346
GO:0030282 Bone mineralization Increases phenotype PMID:37409753
GO:0030336 Negative regulation of cell migration Increases phenotype PMID:22246099; PMID:38479708
GO:0031651 Negative regulation of heat generation Affects phenotype PMID:32652086
GO:0031954 Positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation Increases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0031987 Locomotion involved in locomotory behavior Decreases phenotype PMID:30742852
GO:0032024 Positive regulation of insulin secretion Increases phenotype PMID:32652086; PMID:38284084
GO:0032114 Regulation of glucose-6-phosphatase activity Increases phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:0032147 Activation of protein kinase activity Affects phenotype PMID:28576465; PMID:30290168
GO:0032148 Activation of protein kinase b activity Affects phenotype PMID:29117515; PMID:34302933
GO:0032515 Negative regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity Increases phenotype PMID:34432352
GO:0032516 Positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity Increases phenotype PMID:34432352
GO:0032781 Positive regulation of atp-dependent activity Increases phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:0032782 Bile acid secretion Affects phenotype PMID:34058177
GO:0032868 Response to insulin Decreases phenotype PMID:22627169
GO:0032967 Positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:30551545
GO:0034145 Positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway Increases phenotype PMID:24842192
GO:0034440 Lipid oxidation Increases phenotype PMID:22627169; PMID:30551545; PMID:33823243; PMID:35414346; PMID:36592823; PMID:37759824; PMID:38602238
GO:0035065 Regulation of histone acetylation Affects phenotype PMID:38050843
GO:0035794 Positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability Increases phenotype PMID:29426000
GO:0035809 Regulation of urine volume Affects phenotype PMID:33639173
GO:0035810 Positive regulation of urine volume Increases phenotype PMID:30290168
GO:0036394 Amylase secretion Increases phenotype PMID:38284084
GO:0040015 Negative regulation of multicellular organism growth Increases phenotype PMID:30290168
GO:0040018 Positive regulation of multicellular organism growth Affects phenotype PMID:22627169; PMID:32652086
GO:0042311 Vasodilation Increases phenotype PMID:25108154; PMID:25601987; PMID:29499335
GO:0042415 Norepinephrine metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:35085591
GO:0042416 Dopamine biosynthetic process Decreases phenotype PMID:27566243
GO:0042421 Norepinephrine biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:27566243
GO:0042427 Serotonin biosynthetic process Decreases phenotype PMID:27566243
GO:0042554 Superoxide anion generation Increases phenotype PMID:30144576; PMID:35085591; PMID:35199402
GO:0042593 Glucose homeostasis Increases phenotype PMID:27551045; PMID:29070885; PMID:30256492; PMID:30551545; PMID:32298659; PMID:33844015; PMID:36375515; PMID:38284084
GO:0042632 Cholesterol homeostasis Decreases phenotype PMID:27551045; PMID:30256492; PMID:32652086
GO:0042755 Eating behavior Affects phenotype PMID:35072544
GO:0042775 Mitochondrial atp synthesis coupled electron transport Decreases phenotype PMID:25746382
GO:0043065 Positive regulation of apoptotic process Increases phenotype PMID:27551045; PMID:28576465; PMID:29095437; PMID:29117515; PMID:33838154; PMID:36800006; PMID:37314160; PMID:38479708
GO:0043066 Negative regulation of apoptotic process Increases phenotype PMID:33838154; PMID:37314160
GO:0043303 Mast cell degranulation Increases phenotype PMID:36547818
GO:0043966 Histone h3 acetylation Decreases phenotype PMID:27270450
GO:0044237 Cellular metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:25412314; PMID:29185360; PMID:29226720; PMID:32589349; PMID:33021114; PMID:33476677; PMID:35199402; PMID:35350904; PMID:39275926; PMID:39746502
GO:0044242 Cellular lipid catabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:24717679
GO:0044319 Wound healing, spreading of cells Affects phenotype PMID:35350904; PMID:37409753
GO:0044754 Autolysosome Affects phenotype PMID:36592823
GO:0044819 Mitotic g1/s transition checkpoint signaling Affects phenotype PMID:29117515
GO:0044849 Estrous cycle Decreases phenotype PMID:27634381; PMID:32298659
GO:0045023 G0 to g1 transition Affects phenotype PMID:35199402
GO:0045333 Cellular respiration Affects phenotype PMID:31078745
GO:0045429 Positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:22627169; PMID:33823243
GO:0045454 Cell redox homeostasis Decreases phenotype PMID:37120126
GO:0045660 Positive regulation of neutrophil differentiation Increases phenotype PMID:28096963
GO:0045719 Negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0045722 Positive regulation of gluconeogenesis Increases phenotype PMID:38284084
GO:0045786 Negative regulation of cell cycle Increases phenotype PMID:38479708
GO:0045821 Positive regulation of glycolytic process Increases phenotype PMID:29095437
GO:0045912 Negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:38284084
GO:0045930 Negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle Affects phenotype PMID:24886082; PMID:25412314; PMID:26036281; PMID:29117515; PMID:29426000
GO:0045931 Positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle Decreases phenotype PMID:28576465
GO:0046034 Atp metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:35448458; PMID:37337224
GO:0046209 Nitric oxide metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:33639173; PMID:39986364
GO:0046325 Negative regulation of glucose import Increases phenotype PMID:36800006
GO:0046326 Positive regulation of glucose import Increases phenotype PMID:34302933
GO:0046415 Urate metabolic process Decreases phenotype PMID:22627169; PMID:27551045
GO:0046449 Creatinine metabolic process Decreases phenotype PMID:27551045; PMID:29614383; PMID:30551545; PMID:33639173; PMID:34649470
GO:0046466 Membrane lipid catabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:26818447
GO:0046618 Xenobiotic export from cell Affects phenotype PMID:29460972
GO:0046622 Positive regulation of organ growth Increases phenotype PMID:27551045; PMID:30256492
GO:0046827 Positive regulation of protein export from nucleus Increases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0047429 Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphatase activity Decreases phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:0048143 Astrocyte activation Increases phenotype PMID:35085591
GO:0048874 Host-mediated regulation of intestinal microbiota composition Affects phenotype PMID:37871735
GO:0050665 Hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:24717679
GO:0050996 Positive regulation of lipid catabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:37120126
GO:0051156 Glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0051345 Positive regulation of hydrolase activity Increases phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:0051347 Positive regulation of transferase activity Increases phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:0051452 Intracellular ph reduction Increases phenotype PMID:26384349
GO:0051881 Regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential Affects phenotype PMID:30144576; PMID:33147367; PMID:34953865; PMID:37046073
GO:0051898 Negative regulation of protein kinase b signaling Increases phenotype PMID:38479708
GO:0055062 Phosphate ion homeostasis Decreases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0055074 Calcium ion homeostasis Affects phenotype PMID:30144576
GO:0060038 Cardiac muscle cell proliferation Decreases phenotype PMID:28106847
GO:0060193 Positive regulation of lipase activity Increases phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:0060326 Cell chemotaxis Decreases phenotype PMID:35350904
GO:0060548 Negative regulation of cell death Increases phenotype PMID:33838154
GO:0060550 Positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity Increases phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:0060612 Adipose tissue development Affects phenotype PMID:19594306; PMID:20956498; PMID:25497710
GO:0060613 Fat pad development Increases phenotype PMID:32652086
GO:0061417 Negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to oxidative stress Increases phenotype PMID:33838154
GO:0061615 Glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate Increases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0061620 Glycolytic process through glucose-6-phosphate Increases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0061621 Canonical glycolysis Increases phenotype PMID:31974165
GO:0061739 Protein lipidation involved in autophagosome assembly Increases phenotype PMID:29426000
GO:0070265 Necrotic cell death Increases phenotype PMID:25412314
GO:0070328 Triglyceride homeostasis Decreases phenotype PMID:27551045; PMID:30256492; PMID:32298659; PMID:38284084
GO:0070994 Detection of oxidative stress Increases phenotype PMID:24802403; PMID:29185360; PMID:34649470; PMID:35448458; PMID:37046073; PMID:37759824; PMID:38602238; PMID:39275926; PMID:39986364
GO:0071901 Negative regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity Affects phenotype PMID:32298659
GO:0071902 Positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity Increases phenotype PMID:27363783; PMID:28096963; PMID:33838154
GO:0072593 Reactive oxygen species metabolic process Increases phenotype PMID:24717679; PMID:25697376; PMID:33147367; PMID:34953865; PMID:35199402; PMID:35448458; PMID:36592823; PMID:39275926
GO:0090324 Negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation Increases phenotype PMID:29095437
GO:0090400 Stress-induced premature senescence Increases phenotype PMID:29426000
GO:0097212 Lysosomal membrane organization Decreases phenotype PMID:30385301
GO:0097254 Renal tubular secretion Affects phenotype PMID:29460972
GO:0097327 Response to antineoplastic agent Increases phenotype PMID:28576465
GO:0097342 Ripoptosome Increases phenotype PMID:25412314
GO:0098869 Cellular oxidant detoxification Increases phenotype PMID:29117515
GO:0140042 Lipid droplet formation Increases phenotype PMID:29499335; PMID:33021114; PMID:36529352; PMID:36592823; PMID:36764371; PMID:37046073; PMID:37337224; PMID:39746502
GO:1900015 Regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response Affects phenotype PMID:25108154
GO:1900017 Positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response Increases phenotype PMID:24842192
GO:1901142 Insulin metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:36375515
GO:1901216 Positive regulation of neuron death Increases phenotype PMID:32189544
GO:1901670 Negative regulation of superoxide dismutase activity Increases phenotype PMID:33823243
GO:1901898 Negative regulation of relaxation of cardiac muscle Increases phenotype PMID:30290168
GO:1902309 Negative regulation of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation Increases phenotype PMID:34432352
GO:1902310 Positive regulation of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation Increases phenotype PMID:34432352
GO:1902957 Negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, nadh to ubiquinone Affects phenotype PMID:29095437
GO:1902958 Positive regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, nadh to ubiquinone Increases phenotype PMID:27562556
GO:1903047 Mitotic cell cycle process Affects phenotype PMID:35199402
GO:1903409 Reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:28106847; PMID:30144576; PMID:30385301; PMID:31332900
GO:1903427 Negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:33838154
GO:1903428 Positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:28576465; PMID:29095437; PMID:29117515; PMID:29117515; PMID:33838154; PMID:29426000; PMID:33838154; PMID:37453608
GO:1903578 Regulation of atp metabolic process Affects phenotype PMID:25746382
GO:1903980 Positive regulation of microglial cell activation Increases phenotype PMID:32189544
GO:1904000 Positive regulation of eating behavior Increases phenotype PMID:32652086
GO:1904025 Positive regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate Increases phenotype PMID:28576465
GO:1904179 Positive regulation of adipose tissue development Increases phenotype PMID:30256492
GO:1904184 Positive regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity Increases phenotype PMID:28576465
GO:2000480 Negative regulation of camp-dependent protein kinase activity Affects phenotype PMID:25108154
GO:2000481 Positive regulation of camp-dependent protein kinase activity Increases phenotype PMID:23041229; PMID:25108154
GO:2000786 Positive regulation of autophagosome assembly Increases phenotype PMID:26031332
GO:2000845 Positive regulation of testosterone secretion Increases phenotype PMID:32298659
GO:2000871 Negative regulation of progesterone secretion Increases phenotype PMID:32298659
GO:2001022 Positive regulation of response to dna damage stimulus Increases phenotype PMID:35568294
GO:2001170 Negative regulation of atp biosynthetic process Increases phenotype PMID:29426000; PMID:37453608
GO:2001171 Positive regulation of atp biosynthetic process Decreases phenotype PMID:26739624
GO:2001251 Negative regulation of chromosome organization Increases phenotype PMID:35568294
GO:2001280 Positive regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process Decreases phenotype PMID:28576465
DISCLAIMER

We have built a comprehensive resource which compiles potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) based on the observed adverse effects or endocrine-mediated endpoints in published experiments on humans or rodents to support basic research. We are not responsible for any errors or omissions in the published research articles or supporting literature on potential EDCs compiled in this resource. Users are advised to exercise their own judgement on the weight of evidence for potential EDCs compiled in this resource. Importantly, our sole goal to build this resource on potential EDCs is to enable future basic research towards better understanding of the systems-level perturbations upon chemical exposure rather than influencing regulatory advice on chemical use.